Cronolog\u00edas \u2014 \u00d3rbita<\/title>\n <link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\" \/>\n <link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Playfair+Display:ital,wght@0,400;0,700;0,900;1,400;1,700&family=Syne:wght@400;600;700;800&family=Lora:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;1,400&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\" \/>\n <style>\n :root {\n --ink: #0f0f0f; --ink-soft: #1a1a1a; --charcoal: #2a2a2a;\n --graphite: #4a4a4a; --stone: #7a7a7a; --silver: #b0b0b0;\n --fog: #d8d8d8; --off-white: #f5f3ef; --paper: #faf9f7;\n --white: #ffffff; --accent: #c8a96e; --accent-dim: #9e7e48;\n }\n *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\n html { scroll-behavior: smooth; }\n body { font-family: 'Lora', Georgia, serif; background: var(--paper); color: var(--ink); line-height: 1.75; overflow-x: hidden; }\n body::after { content: ''; position: fixed; inset: 0; background-image: url(\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg viewBox='0 0 512 512' xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%3E%3Cfilter id='n'%3E%3CfeTurbulence type='fractalNoise' baseFrequency='0.75' numOctaves='4' stitchTiles='stitch'\/%3E%3C\/filter%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' filter='url(%23n)' opacity='0.03'\/%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"); pointer-events: none; z-index: 9999; }\n\n \/* NAV *\/\n nav { position: fixed; top: 0; left: 0; right: 0; height: 64px; background: rgba(250,249,247,0.96); backdrop-filter: blur(10px); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--fog); display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; padding: 0 2rem; z-index: 200; }\n .nav-logo { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 1.45rem; font-weight: 800; color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: -0.03em; display: inline-flex; align-items: baseline; }\n .nav-logo .logo-a { color: var(--accent); }\n .nav-links { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 2rem; list-style: none; }\n .nav-links a { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.68rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.14em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--graphite); text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.25s; }\n .nav-links a:hover { color: var(--accent); }\n .nav-cta { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.68rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.14em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--white); background: var(--ink); padding: 0.5rem 1.2rem; border-radius: 4px; text-decoration: none; transition: background 0.25s; }\n .nav-cta:hover { background: var(--accent); }\n\n \/* HERO *\/\n .page-hero { background: var(--ink); padding: 5rem 2rem 4rem; margin-top: 64px; animation: fadeUp 0.9s ease both; }\n .page-hero-inner { max-width: 1600px; margin: 0 auto; display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 5rem; align-items: center; }\n .page-hero-eyebrow { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.8rem; margin-bottom: 1.4rem; }\n .eyebrow-line { width: 36px; height: 2px; background: var(--accent); }\n .eyebrow-text { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.68rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.2em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--accent); }\n .page-hero h1 { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: clamp(2.8rem, 5vw, 5rem); font-weight: 900; line-height: 1.05; letter-spacing: -0.02em; color: var(--white); margin-bottom: 1.4rem; }\n .page-hero h1 em { font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: var(--accent); }\n .page-hero-desc { font-size: 1rem; color: var(--silver); max-width: 520px; margin-bottom: 2.5rem; }\n .hero-stats { display: flex; gap: 2.5rem; }\n .stat-num { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: 2.2rem; font-weight: 900; color: var(--accent); line-height: 1; display: block; }\n .stat-label { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.62rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.14em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--stone); margin-top: 0.3rem; display: block; }\n\n \/* mini timeline hero *\/\n .hero-timeline-preview { position: relative; padding-left: 2rem; }\n .htl-line { position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; bottom: 0; width: 2px; background: linear-gradient(to bottom, var(--accent), rgba(200,169,110,0.05)); }\n .htl-item { position: relative; margin-bottom: 1.6rem; padding-left: 1.5rem; }\n .htl-item::before { content: ''; position: absolute; left: -2.4rem; top: 0.45rem; width: 10px; height: 10px; border-radius: 50%; background: var(--accent); box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgba(200,169,110,0.2); }\n .htl-year { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.68rem; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: 0.16em; color: var(--accent); margin-bottom: 0.15rem; }\n .htl-text { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: 0.88rem; font-weight: 700; color: var(--white); line-height: 1.3; }\n .htl-sub { font-family: 'Lora', serif; font-size: 0.75rem; font-style: italic; color: var(--stone); margin-top: 0.15rem; }\n\n \/* FILTROS *\/\n .filters-bar { background: var(--white); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--fog); padding: 1.1rem 2rem; position: sticky; top: 64px; z-index: 100; }\n .filters-inner { max-width: 1600px; margin: 0 auto; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.5rem; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n .filter-label { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.62rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.15em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--stone); margin-right: 0.5rem; }\n .filter-btn { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.63rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.12em; text-transform: uppercase; padding: 0.38rem 0.9rem; border: 1px solid var(--fog); border-radius: 3px; background: transparent; color: var(--graphite); cursor: pointer; transition: all 0.22s; }\n .filter-btn:hover, .filter-btn.active { background: var(--ink); color: var(--white); border-color: var(--ink); }\n\n \/* SECCI\u00d3N TARJETAS *\/\n .timelines-section { max-width: 1600px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 4rem 2rem; }\n .section-header { display: flex; align-items: flex-end; justify-content: space-between; margin-bottom: 3rem; padding-bottom: 1.2rem; border-bottom: 2px solid var(--ink); }\n .section-eyebrow { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.68rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.2em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--accent); margin-bottom: 0.4rem; }\n .section-title { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: clamp(1.8rem, 3vw, 2.6rem); font-weight: 900; color: var(--ink); line-height: 1.1; }\n .section-title em { font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; }\n\n .timelines-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); gap: 1.4rem; }\n .tl-card { background: var(--white); border-radius: 8px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 2px 14px rgba(0,0,0,0.06); text-decoration: none; color: inherit; display: block; transition: all 0.32s; cursor: pointer; }\n .tl-card:hover { transform: translateY(-6px); box-shadow: 0 20px 48px rgba(0,0,0,0.13); }\n .tl-card.wide { grid-column: span 2; }\n\n .tl-card-header { padding: 1.8rem 2rem 1.4rem; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--fog); background: var(--off-white); position: relative; overflow: hidden; }\n .tl-card.wide .tl-card-header { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr auto; gap: 2rem; align-items: start; }\n .tl-header-bg { position: absolute; right: -0.5rem; top: -1rem; font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: 5.5rem; font-weight: 900; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.04); line-height: 1; letter-spacing: -0.04em; user-select: none; pointer-events: none; }\n .tl-tag { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.62rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.15em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--accent); margin-bottom: 0.5rem; }\n .tl-title { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: 1.1rem; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.25; color: var(--ink); margin-bottom: 0.4rem; transition: color 0.25s; }\n .tl-card.wide .tl-title { font-size: 1.4rem; }\n .tl-card:hover .tl-title { color: var(--accent-dim); }\n .tl-span { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.63rem; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.1em; color: var(--stone); }\n .tl-range { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.5rem; background: var(--ink); color: var(--accent); font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.63rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.12em; padding: 0.28rem 0.75rem; border-radius: 3px; white-space: nowrap; flex-shrink: 0; }\n\n .tl-body { padding: 1.3rem 2rem 1.8rem; }\n .tl-mini { display: flex; flex-direction: column; }\n .tl-mini-item { display: flex; gap: 0.9rem; align-items: flex-start; padding: 0.7rem 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--fog); }\n .tl-mini-item:last-child { border-bottom: none; }\n .tl-mini-year { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.66rem; font-weight: 800; color: var(--accent); min-width: 42px; padding-top: 4px; flex-shrink: 0; }\n .tl-mini-dot { width: 7px; height: 7px; border-radius: 50%; background: var(--accent); flex-shrink: 0; margin-top: 8px; }\n .tl-mini-text { font-family: 'Lora', serif; font-size: 0.8rem; color: var(--graphite); line-height: 1.5; }\n .tl-mini-text strong { font-weight: 500; color: var(--ink); }\n .tl-footer { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 1rem; padding-top: 0.9rem; border-top: 1px solid var(--fog); }\n .tl-events { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.6rem; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.1em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--stone); }\n .tl-cta { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.6rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.12em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--accent); display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.3rem; transition: gap 0.25s; }\n .tl-card:hover .tl-cta { gap: 0.55rem; }\n\n \/* GRAN L\u00cdNEA DEL TIEMPO CENTRAL *\/\n .timeline-full-section { background: var(--off-white); padding: 5rem 2rem; }\n .timeline-full-inner { max-width: 1100px; margin: 0 auto; }\n .tl-full-header { display: flex; align-items: flex-start; justify-content: space-between; margin-bottom: 4rem; padding-bottom: 1.5rem; border-bottom: 2px solid var(--ink); gap: 2rem; }\n .tl-full-title { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: clamp(2rem, 4vw, 3rem); font-weight: 900; color: var(--ink); line-height: 1.1; }\n .tl-full-title em { font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; }\n .tl-full-meta { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.7rem; color: var(--stone); line-height: 1.9; text-align: right; flex-shrink: 0; }\n\n .timeline-track { position: relative; }\n .timeline-track::before { content: ''; position: absolute; left: 50%; top: 0; bottom: 0; width: 2px; background: linear-gradient(to bottom, var(--accent) 0%, rgba(200,169,110,0.15) 100%); transform: translateX(-50%); }\n\n .tl-event { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 64px 1fr; margin-bottom: 0; align-items: start; }\n .tl-event-left { text-align: right; padding: 0 2.2rem 2.8rem 0; }\n .tl-event-right { padding: 0 0 2.8rem 2.2rem; }\n .tl-event-left.empty, .tl-event-right.empty { pointer-events: none; }\n .tl-event-center { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; padding-top: 0.25rem; position: relative; z-index: 1; }\n .tl-event-node { width: 13px; height: 13px; border-radius: 50%; background: var(--accent); box-shadow: 0 0 0 4px var(--off-white), 0 0 0 6px var(--accent); flex-shrink: 0; transition: transform 0.25s; }\n .tl-event:hover .tl-event-node { transform: scale(1.35); }\n .tl-event-year-badge { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.58rem; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: 0.12em; color: var(--accent); margin-top: 0.55rem; white-space: nowrap; }\n\n .tl-event-card { background: var(--white); border-radius: 6px; padding: 1.1rem 1.3rem; box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.07); transition: all 0.28s; }\n .tl-event-card:hover { box-shadow: 0 8px 28px rgba(0,0,0,0.12); transform: translateY(-2px); }\n .tl-event-tag { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.56rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.15em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--accent); margin-bottom: 0.35rem; }\n .tl-event-title { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: 0.92rem; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.3; color: var(--ink); margin-bottom: 0.35rem; }\n .tl-event-desc { font-size: 0.76rem; color: var(--graphite); line-height: 1.6; }\n .tl-event-importance { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.3rem; margin-top: 0.5rem; font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.56rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.1em; text-transform: uppercase; }\n .importance-high { color: #c8504a; }\n .importance-mid { color: var(--accent); }\n .importance-low { color: var(--stone); }\n\n .tl-era { grid-column: span 3; text-align: center; padding: 1.2rem 0 2.2rem; }\n .tl-era-label { display: inline-block; background: var(--ink); color: var(--accent); font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.63rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.2em; text-transform: uppercase; padding: 0.38rem 1.4rem; border-radius: 3px; }\n\n \/* QUOTE *\/\n .quote-break { background: var(--paper); padding: 5rem 2rem; text-align: center; border-top: 1px solid var(--fog); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--fog); }\n .quote-mark { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: 6rem; line-height: 0.5; color: var(--accent); opacity: 0.4; display: block; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; }\n .quote-text { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: clamp(1.4rem, 3vw, 2rem); font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: var(--ink); max-width: 740px; margin: 0 auto 1.2rem; line-height: 1.45; }\n .quote-author { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.72rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.16em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--stone); }\n\n \/* PROP\u00d3N *\/\n .suggest-section { background: var(--ink); padding: 5rem 2rem; }\n .suggest-inner { max-width: 960px; margin: 0 auto; display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 5rem; align-items: center; }\n .suggest-left h2 { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: clamp(1.8rem, 3vw, 2.6rem); font-weight: 900; color: var(--white); line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 1rem; }\n .suggest-left h2 em { font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; }\n .suggest-left p { font-size: 0.9rem; color: var(--silver); line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 1.8rem; }\n .btn-accent { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.6rem; padding: 0.85rem 2rem; background: var(--accent); color: var(--white); text-decoration: none; font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.72rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.14em; text-transform: uppercase; border-radius: 4px; transition: background 0.3s; }\n .btn-accent:hover { background: var(--accent-dim); }\n .suggest-ideas { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0.75rem; }\n .suggest-idea { background: rgba(255,255,255,0.05); border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.08); border-radius: 6px; padding: 0.9rem 1.1rem; font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: 0.88rem; font-style: italic; color: var(--silver); transition: all 0.25s; cursor: pointer; }\n .suggest-idea:hover { border-color: var(--accent); color: var(--white); background: rgba(200,169,110,0.07); }\n .suggest-idea-tag { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.56rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.14em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--accent); font-style: normal; display: block; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; }\n\n \/* NEWSLETTER *\/\n .newsletter-section { background: var(--paper); padding: 5rem 2rem; border-top: 1px solid var(--fog); }\n .newsletter-inner { max-width: 700px; margin: 0 auto; text-align: center; }\n .newsletter-inner h2 { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: clamp(2rem, 4vw, 3.2rem); font-weight: 900; color: var(--ink); margin-bottom: 1rem; line-height: 1.1; }\n .newsletter-inner h2 em { font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; }\n .newsletter-inner p { font-size: 0.92rem; color: var(--graphite); margin-bottom: 2.5rem; }\n .nl-form { display: flex; border: 1px solid var(--fog); border-radius: 4px; overflow: hidden; }\n .nl-form input { flex: 1; padding: 1rem 1.5rem; background: var(--white); border: none; outline: none; color: var(--ink); font-family: 'Lora', serif; font-size: 0.88rem; }\n .nl-form input::placeholder { color: var(--stone); }\n .nl-form button { padding: 1rem 1.8rem; background: var(--ink); border: none; color: var(--white); font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.7rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.14em; text-transform: uppercase; cursor: pointer; transition: background 0.25s; white-space: nowrap; }\n .nl-form button:hover { background: var(--accent); }\n .nl-note { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.65rem; letter-spacing: 0.1em; color: var(--stone); margin-top: 1rem; }\n\n \/* FOOTER *\/\n footer { background: var(--ink-soft); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06); padding: 3rem 2rem 2rem; }\n .footer-inner { max-width: 1600px; margin: 0 auto; display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr 1fr; gap: 3rem; padding-bottom: 2rem; border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.07); margin-bottom: 1.5rem; }\n .footer-logo { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: 1.4rem; font-weight: 900; color: var(--white); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: -0.02em; display: block; margin-bottom: 0.8rem; }\n .footer-tagline { font-family: 'Lora', serif; font-size: 0.8rem; font-style: italic; color: var(--stone); }\n .footer-col-title { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.62rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.18em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--silver); margin-bottom: 1rem; }\n .footer-links { list-style: none; }\n .footer-links li { margin-bottom: 0.5rem; }\n .footer-links a { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.72rem; color: var(--stone); text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.25s; }\n .footer-links a:hover { color: var(--accent); }\n .footer-bottom { max-width: 1600px; margin: 0 auto; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; }\n .footer-copy { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.65rem; color: var(--graphite); letter-spacing: 0.08em; }\n\n .reveal { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(20px); transition: opacity 0.7s ease, transform 0.7s ease; }\n .reveal.visible { opacity: 1; transform: none; }\n\n @keyframes fadeUp { from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(24px); } to { opacity: 1; transform: none; } }\n\n \/* RESPONSIVE *\/\n @media (max-width: 1024px) {\n .page-hero-inner { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 3rem; }\n .timelines-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }\n .tl-card.wide { grid-column: span 2; }\n .timeline-track::before { left: 20px; transform: none; }\n .tl-event { grid-template-columns: 28px 1fr; }\n .tl-event-left { display: none; }\n .tl-event-right { padding-left: 1.4rem; grid-column: 2; }\n .tl-era { grid-column: span 2; }\n .suggest-inner { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 2.5rem; }\n .footer-inner { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 2rem; }\n }\n @media (max-width: 640px) {\n .timelines-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n .tl-card.wide { grid-column: span 1; }\n .tl-card.wide .tl-card-header { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n .nl-form { flex-direction: column; }\n .footer-inner { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n .nav-links { display: none; }\n }\n <\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n\n<nav>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/orbitamundial.com\/\" class=\"nav-logo\">\u00d3rbit<span class=\"logo-a\">a<\/span><\/a>\n <ul class=\"nav-links\">\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/orbitamundial.com\/\">Inicio<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/orbitamundial.com\/index.php\/category\/articulos\/geopolitica\/\">Geopol\u00edtica<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/orbitamundial.com\/index.php\/category\/articulos\/conflictos\/\">Conflictos<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/orbitamundial.com\/index.php\/category\/articulos\/\">Art\u00edculos<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/orbitamundial.com\/index.php\/category\/articulos\/historia\/\">Historia<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/orbitamundial.com\/index.php\/category\/articulos\/cultura\/\">Cultura<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/orbitamundial.com\/index.php\/sobre-mi\/\">Sobre m\u00ed<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/orbitamundial.com\/index.php\/glosario\/\">Glosario<\/a><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <a href=\"#newsletter\" class=\"nav-cta\">Suscribirse<\/a>\n<\/nav>\n\n\n<div class=\"page-hero\">\n <div class=\"page-hero-inner\">\n <div>\n <div class=\"page-hero-eyebrow\">\n <div class=\"eyebrow-line\"><\/div>\n <span class=\"eyebrow-text\">Historia en perspectiva<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <h1>Cronolog\u00edas e <em>historia<\/em><\/h1>\n <p class=\"page-hero-desc\">El tiempo como herramienta de an\u00e1lisis. L\u00edneas del tiempo y cronolog\u00edas comentadas de los procesos que han dado forma al sistema internacional contempor\u00e1neo, desde Westfalia hasta hoy.<\/p>\n <div class=\"hero-stats\">\n <div><span class=\"stat-num\">18<\/span><span class=\"stat-label\">Cronolog\u00edas<\/span><\/div>\n <div><span class=\"stat-num\">280+<\/span><span class=\"stat-label\">Eventos<\/span><\/div>\n <div><span class=\"stat-num\">375<\/span><span class=\"stat-label\">A\u00f1os cubiertos<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"hero-timeline-preview\">\n <div class=\"htl-line\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"htl-item\"><p class=\"htl-year\">1648<\/p><p class=\"htl-text\">Paz de Westfalia<\/p><p class=\"htl-sub\">Nace el sistema de Estados soberanos<\/p><\/div>\n <div class=\"htl-item\"><p class=\"htl-year\">1919<\/p><p class=\"htl-text\">Tratado de Versalles \u00b7 Sociedad de Naciones<\/p><p class=\"htl-sub\">El primer intento de orden internacional<\/p><\/div>\n <div class=\"htl-item\"><p class=\"htl-year\">1945<\/p><p class=\"htl-text\">ONU \u00b7 Plan Marshall \u00b7 Guerra Fr\u00eda<\/p><p class=\"htl-sub\">El nuevo orden bipolar de posguerra<\/p><\/div>\n <div class=\"htl-item\"><p class=\"htl-year\">1991<\/p><p class=\"htl-text\">Fin de la URSS \u00b7 Momento unipolar<\/p><p class=\"htl-sub\">EE.UU. como \u00fanica superpotencia<\/p><\/div>\n <div class=\"htl-item\"><p class=\"htl-year\">2001<\/p><p class=\"htl-text\">11-S \u00b7 Guerra contra el terror<\/p><p class=\"htl-sub\">El fin del optimismo de los 90<\/p><\/div>\n <div class=\"htl-item\"><p class=\"htl-year\">2022<\/p><p class=\"htl-text\">Invasi\u00f3n de Ucrania \u00b7 Multipolaridad<\/p><p class=\"htl-sub\">El retorno de la guerra a Europa<\/p><\/div>\n <div class=\"htl-item\" style=\"opacity:0.35;\"><p class=\"htl-year\">2026<\/p><p class=\"htl-text\">El orden mundial en transici\u00f3n<\/p><p class=\"htl-sub\">\u00bfHacia d\u00f3nde va el sistema internacional?<\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"filters-bar\">\n <div class=\"filters-inner\">\n <span class=\"filter-label\">Filtrar por:<\/span>\n <button class=\"filter-btn active\" onclick=\"filterTL('todos',this)\">Todas<\/button>\n <button class=\"filter-btn\" onclick=\"filterTL('conflicto',this)\">Conflictos<\/button>\n <button class=\"filter-btn\" onclick=\"filterTL('diplomacia',this)\">Diplomacia<\/button>\n <button class=\"filter-btn\" onclick=\"filterTL('geopolitica',this)\">Geopol\u00edtica<\/button>\n <button class=\"filter-btn\" onclick=\"filterTL('europa',this)\">Europa<\/button>\n <button class=\"filter-btn\" onclick=\"filterTL('historia',this)\">Historia<\/button>\n <button class=\"filter-btn\" onclick=\"filterTL('asia',this)\">Asia<\/button>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"timelines-section\">\n <div class=\"section-header reveal\">\n <div>\n <p class=\"section-eyebrow\">Archivo cronol\u00f3gico<\/p>\n <h2 class=\"section-title\">Todas las <em>cronolog\u00edas<\/em><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n <span style=\"font-family:'Syne',sans-serif;font-size:0.7rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:0.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--stone);\">18 cronolog\u00edas \u00b7 280+ eventos<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"timelines-grid\" id=\"tlGrid\">\n\n \n <a href=\"https:\/\/orbitamundial.com\/index.php\/lineas-del-tiempo-israel-palestina\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"tl-card wide reveal\" data-cat=\"diplomacia\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <div>\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Diplomacia \u00b7 Oriente Medio<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">El proceso de paz israel\u00ed-palestino: de Oslo al colapso<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">1947 \u2014 2026 \u00b7 79 a\u00f1os sin soluci\u00f3n<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-range\">1947 \u2192 2026<\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">Oslo<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1947<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Plan de partici\u00f3n de la ONU.<\/strong> La Resoluci\u00f3n 181 divide Palestina en un Estado jud\u00edo y uno \u00e1rabe. Los \u00e1rabes la rechazan.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1948<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Nakba y fundaci\u00f3n de Israel.<\/strong> 700.000 palestinos son desplazados. Primera guerra \u00e1rabe-israel\u00ed.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1967<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Guerra de los Seis D\u00edas.<\/strong> Israel ocupa Gaza, Cisjordania, el Sina\u00ed y los Altos del Gol\u00e1n en 6 d\u00edas. Inicio de la ocupaci\u00f3n.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1993<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Acuerdos de Oslo I.<\/strong> Rabin y Arafat se estrechan la mano en Washington. El reloj de cinco a\u00f1os empieza y nunca llega a su fin.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2000<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Fracaso de Camp David.<\/strong> Clinton, Barak y Arafat no alcanzan acuerdo. Estalla la Segunda Intifada.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2023<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>7 de octubre.<\/strong> Hamas lanza el mayor ataque contra civiles israel\u00edes desde 1948. Comienza la ofensiva en Gaza.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">22 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda completa \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/a>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card reveal\" data-cat=\"geopolitica\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Global<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">La Guerra Fr\u00eda: del Tel\u00f3n de Acero a la ca\u00edda del Muro<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">1947 \u2014 1991<\/p>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">1947<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1947<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Doctrina Truman y Plan Marshall.<\/strong> EE.UU. asume la contenci\u00f3n del comunismo y reconstruye Europa occidental con 13.000 millones de d\u00f3lares.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1949<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>OTAN y bomba sovi\u00e9tica.<\/strong> Se funda la Alianza Atl\u00e1ntica. La URSS prueba su primera bomba nuclear. Termina el monopolio at\u00f3mico de EE.UU.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1962<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Crisis de los misiles de Cuba.<\/strong> 13 d\u00edas al borde de la guerra nuclear. Kennedy y Khrushchev negocian la retirada de los misiles sovi\u00e9ticos.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1972<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Distensi\u00f3n: Nixon en China.<\/strong> Nixon visita a Mao. Se firman los acuerdos SALT I con la URSS. Primer gran per\u00edodo de distensi\u00f3n.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1989<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Ca\u00edda del Muro de Berl\u00edn.<\/strong> El 9 de noviembre cae el s\u00edmbolo m\u00e1s poderoso de la Guerra Fr\u00eda. Europa del Este se libera en cascada.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">26 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card reveal\" data-cat=\"europa\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Europa \u00b7 Integraci\u00f3n<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">La construcci\u00f3n europea: de las ruinas de la guerra al euro<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">1950 \u2014 2026<\/p>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">UE<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1950<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Declaraci\u00f3n Schuman.<\/strong> El ministro franc\u00e9s propone poner el carb\u00f3n y el acero bajo una autoridad com\u00fan. Nace la idea de Europa.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1957<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Tratado de Roma.<\/strong> Francia, Alemania, Italia y el Benelux crean la CEE. El mercado com\u00fan europeo empieza a tomar forma.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1992<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Tratado de Maastricht.<\/strong> Nace la Uni\u00f3n Europea con nombre propio. Se fija el calendario hacia la moneda \u00fanica.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2002<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Entrada en circulaci\u00f3n del euro.<\/strong> 12 pa\u00edses adoptan la moneda \u00fanica. El proyecto pol\u00edtico m\u00e1s ambicioso de la historia europea.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2016<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Brexit.<\/strong> El 51,9% del Reino Unido vota salir de la UE. El primer Estado miembro en abandonar el proyecto europeo.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">20 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card wide reveal\" data-cat=\"conflicto\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <div>\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Conflictos \u00b7 Europa del Este<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">Rusia y Ucrania: del colapso sovi\u00e9tico a la guerra total<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">1991 \u2014 2026 \u00b7 Conflicto en curso<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-range\">1991 \u2192 hoy<\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">2022<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1991<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Independencia de Ucrania.<\/strong> El 92% vota a favor en refer\u00e9ndum. En 1994, el Memor\u00e1ndum de Budapest: Ucrania entrega su arsenal nuclear a cambio de garant\u00edas de seguridad que nadie cumplir\u00e1.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2004<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Revoluci\u00f3n Naranja.<\/strong> Fraude electoral masivo a favor del candidato pro-ruso. Protestas en el Maid\u00e1n. Yushchenko gana la segunda vuelta.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2008<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Cumbre de la OTAN en Bucarest.<\/strong> Bush presiona para ofrecer la adhesi\u00f3n futura a Ucrania y Georgia. Alemania y Francia se oponen. Putin advierte de consecuencias.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2014<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Euromaid\u00e1n y anexi\u00f3n de Crimea.<\/strong> Yanukovych huye a Rusia. En 16 d\u00edas, Rusia toma Crimea. Comienza el conflicto del Donbas: 14.000 muertos en 8 a\u00f1os.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2022<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Invasi\u00f3n a gran escala.<\/strong> 24 de febrero: la mayor operaci\u00f3n militar en Europa desde 1945. Europa reacciona con sanciones sin precedentes. La OTAN se refuerza.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2024<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Guerra de desgaste.<\/strong> Ucrania ataca suelo ruso por primera vez. EE.UU. autoriza el uso de misiles de largo alcance. El conflicto se estabiliza sin resoluci\u00f3n.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">24 eventos documentados \u00b7 En actualizaci\u00f3n<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda completa \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card reveal\" data-cat=\"historia\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Historia \u00b7 \u00c1frica<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">El reparto de \u00c1frica: de la Conferencia de Berl\u00edn a las independencias<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">1884 \u2014 1994<\/p>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">1884<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1884<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Conferencia de Berl\u00edn.<\/strong> 14 potencias trazan fronteras africanas sin consultar a sus pueblos. El 90% del continente queda bajo dominio europeo en una generaci\u00f3n.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1957<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Ghana, primera independencia.<\/strong> Nkrumah inicia la ola descolonizadora. En 1960 \u2014el \u00abA\u00f1o de \u00c1frica\u00bb\u2014 se independizan 17 pa\u00edses.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1975<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Colonias portuguesas.<\/strong> Angola, Mozambique y Cabo Verde logran la independencia tras la Revoluci\u00f3n de los Claveles en Lisboa.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1994<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Fin del apartheid.<\/strong> Mandela gana las primeras elecciones multirraciales de Sud\u00e1frica. El mismo a\u00f1o, el genocidio de Ruanda mata a 800.000 personas en 100 d\u00edas.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">20 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card reveal\" data-cat=\"asia\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Asia<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">El ascenso de China: de Mao a la segunda econom\u00eda del mundo<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">1949 \u2014 2026<\/p>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">China<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1949<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Proclamaci\u00f3n de la RPC.<\/strong> Mao Zedong funda la Rep\u00fablica Popular China tras la victoria comunista en la guerra civil. El Kuomintang se retira a Taiw\u00e1n.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1972<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Nixon visita a Mao.<\/strong> El mayor giro diplom\u00e1tico de la Guerra Fr\u00eda. EE.UU. reconoce a la China continental y acepta la pol\u00edtica de \u00abuna sola China\u00bb.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1978<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Reformas de Deng Xiaoping.<\/strong> \u00abEnriquecerse es glorioso.\u00bb China abre su econom\u00eda sin renunciar al poder del Partido. Empieza el milagro econ\u00f3mico.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2013<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Xi Jinping y la Iniciativa Belt and Road.<\/strong> China lanza el proyecto de infraestructuras m\u00e1s ambicioso de la historia. 140 pa\u00edses firman acuerdos de cooperaci\u00f3n.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2023<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Tensiones en el estrecho de Taiw\u00e1n.<\/strong> China intensifica los ejercicios militares. EE.UU. vende armamento a Taiw\u00e1n. El escenario m\u00e1s peligroso en d\u00e9cadas.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">18 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card wide reveal\" data-cat=\"conflicto\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <div>\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Conflictos \u00b7 Global<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">El 11-S y la guerra contra el terror: veinte a\u00f1os que reescribieron el orden mundial<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">2001 \u2014 2021<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-range\">2001 \u2192 2021<\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">11-S<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2001<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>11 de septiembre.<\/strong> Dos aviones destruyen las Torres Gemelas. 2.977 muertos. EE.UU. invoca el Art\u00edculo 5 de la OTAN por primera y \u00fanica vez en su historia. Afganist\u00e1n como primer teatro de operaciones.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2003<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Invasi\u00f3n de Irak.<\/strong> Bush, Blair y Aznar justifican la guerra con \u00abarmas de destrucci\u00f3n masiva\u00bb que no existen. La ONU no avala la intervenci\u00f3n. Francia y Alemania se oponen. Europa se fractura.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2011<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Muerte de Bin Laden y Primavera \u00c1rabe.<\/strong> La operaci\u00f3n en Abbottabad elimina al l\u00edder de Al-Qaeda. Simult\u00e1neamente, las revoluciones en T\u00fanez, Egipto, Libia y Siria reconfiguran Oriente Medio.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2014<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Irrupci\u00f3n del Estado Isl\u00e1mico.<\/strong> El ISIS proclama el califato en Siria e Irak. Ocupa un territorio del tama\u00f1o de Gran Breta\u00f1a. Nueva coalici\u00f3n internacional liderada por EE.UU.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2021<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Retirada de Afganist\u00e1n.<\/strong> Los talibanes retoman Kabul en d\u00edas. Veinte a\u00f1os de guerra, 2,4 billones de d\u00f3lares gastados y el mismo r\u00e9gimen que hab\u00eda en 2001. El fracaso m\u00e1s costoso de la historia.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">19 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda completa \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card reveal\" data-cat=\"europa\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Europa<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">La OTAN: de 12 a 32 miembros y el retorno de la l\u00f3gica de bloques<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">1949 \u2014 2024<\/p>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">OTAN<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1949<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Fundaci\u00f3n.<\/strong> 12 estados firman el Tratado de Washington. El Art\u00edculo 5 convierte el ataque a uno en ataque a todos. Respuesta directa a la amenaza sovi\u00e9tica.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1999<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Primera gran expansi\u00f3n al Este.<\/strong> Polonia, Rep\u00fablica Checa y Hungr\u00eda, exmiembros del Pacto de Varsovia, se incorporan. Rusia lo vive como una traici\u00f3n.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2008<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Bucarest y el veto franco-alem\u00e1n.<\/strong> Bush quiere ofrecer la adhesi\u00f3n a Ucrania y Georgia. Merkel y Sarkozy bloquean la propuesta. Putin interpreta el gui\u00f1o como una oportunidad.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2022<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Resurrecci\u00f3n estrat\u00e9gica.<\/strong> La invasi\u00f3n de Ucrania devuelve la OTAN al centro de la pol\u00edtica europea. Finlandia y Suecia solicitan la adhesi\u00f3n rompiendo d\u00e9cadas de neutralidad.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2024<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Suecia, el miembro 32.<\/strong> Rompe con 200 a\u00f1os de neutralidad. La OTAN tiene ahora frontera directa con Rusia a lo largo de 1.340 km en el flanco norte.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">16 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card reveal\" data-cat=\"historia\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Historia \u00b7 Oriente Medio<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">La ca\u00edda del Imperio Otomano: el desmembramiento que todav\u00eda duele<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">1908 \u2014 1923<\/p>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">1923<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1908<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Revoluci\u00f3n de los J\u00f3venes Turcos.<\/strong> \u00daltimo intento de modernizaci\u00f3n del Imperio. El Comit\u00e9 de Uni\u00f3n y Progreso toma el poder.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1915<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Genocidio armenio.<\/strong> Entre 600.000 y 1,5 millones de armenios son asesinados. El primer genocidio del siglo XX, todav\u00eda sin reconocimiento turco.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1916<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Acuerdo Sykes-Picot.<\/strong> Francia y Reino Unido dividen en secreto el Oriente Medio prometido a los \u00e1rabes. Las fronteras que a\u00fan generan conflictos.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1917<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Declaraci\u00f3n Balfour.<\/strong> Londres promete una \u00abpatria nacional\u00bb para el pueblo jud\u00edo en Palestina. El documento de 67 palabras que cambi\u00f3 el Oriente Medio.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1923<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Tratado de Lausana.<\/strong> Nace la Rep\u00fablica de Turqu\u00eda bajo Atat\u00fcrk. El Imperio desaparece despu\u00e9s de 600 a\u00f1os. Sus fronteras siguen sin estar del todo resueltas.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">16 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card wide reveal\" data-cat=\"geopolitica\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <div>\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Econom\u00eda Global<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">La crisis financiera de 2008 y el inicio del declive occidental<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">2007 \u2014 2015<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-range\">2007 \u2192 2015<\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">2008<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2007<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Colapso de las hipotecas subprime.<\/strong> El mercado inmobiliario de EE.UU. empieza a derrumbarse. Los bancos europeos, sobrecargados de activos t\u00f3xicos, se tambalean.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2008<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Lehman Brothers se declara en quiebra.<\/strong> 15 de septiembre. El mayor colapso financiero de la historia. Los gobiernos rescatan bancos con dinero p\u00fablico. La desigualdad se dispara.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2010<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Crisis de la deuda europea.<\/strong> Grecia, Irlanda, Portugal y Espa\u00f1a al borde de la suspensi\u00f3n de pagos. La Troika impone austeridad. El proyecto europeo entra en crisis existencial.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2012<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Draghi y el \u00abwhatever it takes\u00bb.<\/strong> El presidente del BCE promete hacer lo que sea necesario para salvar el euro. Los mercados se calman. La crisis no desaparece, se transforma.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2015<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Grecia al l\u00edmite: el refer\u00e9ndum de Tsipras.<\/strong> El 61% vota contra la austeridad. Europa ignora el resultado. Grecia acepta un tercer rescate m\u00e1s duro que los anteriores.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">18 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda completa \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card reveal\" data-cat=\"historia\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Historia \u00b7 Asia<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">La descolonizaci\u00f3n de Asia: de la India a Vietnam<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">1945 \u2014 1975<\/p>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">1947<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1945<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Rendici\u00f3n japonesa.<\/strong> El fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial libera a millones de asi\u00e1ticos del dominio imperial nip\u00f3n, pero los europeos intentan recuperar sus colonias.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1947<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Independencia de India y Pakist\u00e1n.<\/strong> La Partici\u00f3n divide el subcontinente en dos estados seg\u00fan criterios religiosos. M\u00e1s de un mill\u00f3n de muertos en el proceso.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1954<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Dien Bien Phu.<\/strong> Francia es derrotada en Vietnam. Los Acuerdos de Ginebra dividen el pa\u00eds en dos. EE.UU. empezar\u00e1 a involucrarse de inmediato.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1975<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Ca\u00edda de Saig\u00f3n.<\/strong> EE.UU. se retira de Vietnam. Los tanques del norte toman la capital del sur. La primera guerra que EE.UU. pierde en su historia moderna.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">17 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card reveal\" data-cat=\"conflicto\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Conflictos \u00b7 Oriente Medio<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">La Primavera \u00c1rabe: revoluci\u00f3n, esperanza y colapso<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">2010 \u2014 2016<\/p>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">2011<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">Dic 2010<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Mohamed Bouazizi se inmola en T\u00fanez.<\/strong> El vendedor ambulante prende la mecha. En semanas, Ben Al\u00ed huye del pa\u00eds. La primera revoluci\u00f3n \u00e1rabe triunfa.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">Feb 2011<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Tahrir.<\/strong> Mubarak cae en Egipto tras 18 d\u00edas de protestas en la Plaza Tahrir. El ej\u00e9rcito toma el control. La transici\u00f3n democr\u00e1tica dura poco.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2011<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Siria: la revoluci\u00f3n que se convirti\u00f3 en guerra.<\/strong> Assad responde con violencia. El conflicto escala hasta convertirse en guerra civil con 14 actores internacionales implicados.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2016<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Balance de la Primavera \u00c1rabe.<\/strong> Solo T\u00fanez mantiene una democracia fr\u00e1gil. Libia, Yemen y Siria en guerra civil. Egipto de nuevo bajo un militar. Las esperanzas, enterradas.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">15 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card wide reveal\" data-cat=\"europa\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <div>\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Conflictos \u00b7 Europa<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">La disoluci\u00f3n de Yugoslavia: el regreso de la guerra a Europa<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">1991 \u2014 1999<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-range\">1991 \u2192 1999<\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">Balcanes<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1991<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Declaraciones de independencia.<\/strong> Eslovenia y Croacia declaran la independencia. El ej\u00e9rcito federal (dominado por Serbia) interviene. Europa reconoce r\u00e1pidamente los nuevos estados.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1992<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Guerra de Bosnia.<\/strong> El sitio de Sarajevo, el m\u00e1s largo de la historia moderna: 1.425 d\u00edas. La Europa que cre\u00eda haber superado la barbarie mira paralizada.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1995<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Srebrenica.<\/strong> 8.000 hombres y ni\u00f1os bosnios son asesinados bajo la mirada de las tropas holandesas de la ONU. El mayor genocidio en Europa desde el Holocausto.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1995<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Acuerdos de Dayton.<\/strong> EE.UU. fuerza el acuerdo de paz. Bosnia queda congelada en una arquitectura pol\u00edtica imposible que sigue sin resolverse treinta a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1999<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Kosovo y los bombardeos de la OTAN.<\/strong> Por primera vez, la OTAN interviene sin mandato de la ONU. Serbia capitula en 78 d\u00edas de bombardeos. Kosovo declarar\u00e1 su independencia en 2008.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">21 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda completa \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card reveal\" data-cat=\"asia\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Asia del Sur<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">India y Pakist\u00e1n: la bomba, Cachemira y la disuasi\u00f3n nuclear m\u00e1s peligrosa del mundo<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">1947 \u2014 2026<\/p>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">Kashmir<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1947<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Partici\u00f3n y primera guerra.<\/strong> La divisi\u00f3n del subcontinente deja Cachemira en disputa. Tres guerras en 26 a\u00f1os entre dos estados que comparten 3.300 km de frontera.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1971<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Tercera guerra y creaci\u00f3n de Bangladesh.<\/strong> India interviene en la guerra civil de Pakist\u00e1n Oriental. Nace Bangladesh. Pakistan pierde la mitad de su poblaci\u00f3n.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1998<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Pruebas nucleares en cadena.<\/strong> India y Pakist\u00e1n prueban bombas at\u00f3micas con diferencia de d\u00edas. El mundo asiste al debut del primer conflicto nuclear bilateral del siglo XXI.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2019<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Modi revoca la autonom\u00eda de Cachemira.<\/strong> India elimina el art\u00edculo 370 de su constituci\u00f3n e integra Cachemira como territorio de la uni\u00f3n. Pakist\u00e1n condena la decisi\u00f3n. La tensi\u00f3n escala.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">14 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card reveal\" data-cat=\"geopolitica\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Global<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">El orden multipolar emergente: BRICS, Sur Global y el fin de la hegemon\u00eda<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">2001 \u2014 2026<\/p>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">BRICS<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2001<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Goldman Sachs acu\u00f1a \u00abBRIC\u00bb.<\/strong> El economista Jim O’Neill predice que Brasil, Rusia, India y China dominar\u00e1n la econom\u00eda mundial en 2050. La profec\u00eda se cumple a medias.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2009<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Primera cumbre BRIC.<\/strong> Los cuatro pa\u00edses se re\u00fanen por primera vez en Ekaterimburgo. Un a\u00f1o despu\u00e9s se suma Sud\u00e1frica: los BRICS son ya una realidad pol\u00edtica.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2023<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Expansi\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica de los BRICS.<\/strong> Sud\u00e1frica acoge la cumbre que admite a seis nuevos miembros: Arabia Saud\u00ed, Emiratos, Etiop\u00eda, Egipto, Ir\u00e1n y Argentina (que luego se retira).<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2024<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Debate sobre una moneda alternativa al d\u00f3lar.<\/strong> Los BRICS discuten crear una moneda de reserva propia. El d\u00f3lar sigue siendo dominante, pero su hegemon\u00eda empieza a cuestionarse.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">13 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"timeline-full-section\" id=\"cronologia-sigloxx\">\n <div class=\"timeline-full-inner\">\n <div class=\"tl-full-header reveal\">\n <div>\n <p class=\"section-eyebrow\">Cronolog\u00eda expandida<\/p>\n <h2 class=\"tl-full-title\">El siglo de las <em>guerras y el orden<\/em><\/h2>\n <p style=\"font-family:'Lora',serif;font-size:0.88rem;color:var(--graphite);margin-top:0.8rem;max-width:520px;line-height:1.7;\">Los grandes hitos del sistema internacional desde la Primera Guerra Mundial hasta la transici\u00f3n multipolar del siglo XXI. Cada evento, una fractura o una recomposici\u00f3n del orden.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-full-meta\">\n <strong style=\"font-family:'Syne',sans-serif;font-size:0.63rem;letter-spacing:0.15em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--accent);\">Historia \u00b7 RRII \u00b7 Global<\/strong><br>\n 1914 \u2014 2026<br>\n 34 eventos clave<br>\n Actualizado Abril 2026\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"timeline-track\">\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-era reveal\"><span class=\"tl-era-label\">El colapso del viejo orden \u00b7 1914 \u2014 1945<\/span><\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Conflicto \u00b7 Europa<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Primera Guerra Mundial<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">El asesinato del Archiduque Francisco Fernando activa el sistema de alianzas europeo como un domin\u00f3. 20 millones de muertos. El fin de los imperios austro-h\u00fangaro, otomano y ruso. Europa jam\u00e1s volver\u00eda a ser el centro indiscutido del mundo.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Evento pivotal<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">1914 \u2014 1918<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right empty\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left empty\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">1919<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Diplomacia \u00b7 Europa<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Tratado de Versalles y la trampa de la paz<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">Alemania acepta la \u00abculpa de la guerra\u00bb, pierde el 13% de su territorio y debe pagar reparaciones imposibles. Wilson propone su Liga de Naciones, pero el Senado estadounidense la rechaza. Keynes predice que la paz solo sembrar\u00e1 la pr\u00f3xima guerra. Ten\u00eda raz\u00f3n.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Evento pivotal<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Historia \u00b7 Global<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Crisis del 29 y el ascenso de los fascismos<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">El crack burs\u00e1til de Wall Street se convierte en depresi\u00f3n global. El desempleo masivo y la humillaci\u00f3n de Versalles alimentan el ascenso de Hitler en Alemania, Mussolini en Italia y el militarismo japon\u00e9s en Asia. La democracia liberal entra en crisis existencial.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Evento pivotal<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">1929 \u2014 1933<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right empty\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left empty\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">1939 \u2014 1945<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Conflicto \u00b7 Global<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Segunda Guerra Mundial y el Holocausto<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">70 millones de muertos. El genocidio sistem\u00e1tico de 6 millones de jud\u00edos. Las bombas at\u00f3micas sobre Hiroshima y Nagasaki. El mundo sale de la guerra con la convicci\u00f3n de que nunca m\u00e1s: de esa promesa nacer\u00e1n la ONU, la OTAN y la integraci\u00f3n europea.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Evento pivotal<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-era reveal\"><span class=\"tl-era-label\">El orden bipolar \u00b7 1945 \u2014 1991<\/span><\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Diplomacia \u00b7 Global<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Conferencia de Yalta y el nuevo orden mundial<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">Roosevelt, Churchill y Stalin se reparten el mundo en una sala de Crimea. Europa queda dividida en zonas de influencia. La ONU se funda ese mismo a\u00f1o. El orden de Bretton Woods \u2014d\u00f3lar, FMI, Banco Mundial\u2014 establece la arquitectura financiera global que llega hasta hoy.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Evento pivotal<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">Feb 1945<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right empty\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left empty\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">1947 \u2014 1948<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Europa<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Doctrina Truman, Plan Marshall y el Tel\u00f3n de Acero<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">EE.UU. anuncia que contendr\u00e1 al comunismo en cualquier parte del mundo y reconstruye Europa occidental con 13.000 millones de d\u00f3lares. La URSS responde con el bloqueo de Berl\u00edn. La Guerra Fr\u00eda toma su forma definitiva.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Evento pivotal<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Asia<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Guerra de Corea: la guerra olvidada<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">El primer conflicto caliente de la Guerra Fr\u00eda enfrenta a EE.UU. y China en suelo coreano. 3 millones de muertos en tres a\u00f1os. El armisticio de 1953 congela el conflicto sin resolverlo: t\u00e9cnicamente, las dos Coreas siguen en guerra setenta a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-mid\">\u25cf Alta relevancia<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">1950 \u2014 1953<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right empty\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left empty\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">Oct 1962<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Global<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Crisis de los misiles de Cuba<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">13 d\u00edas al borde del apocalipsis nuclear. Kennedy bloquea Cuba. Khrushchev retira los misiles a cambio de que EE.UU. retire los suyos de Turqu\u00eda. La humanidad estuvo m\u00e1s cerca que nunca de la autodestrucci\u00f3n. Se instala el Tel\u00e9fono Rojo Mosc\u00fa-Washington.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Evento pivotal<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Derecho Internacional<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Descolonizaci\u00f3n y la Conferencia de Bandung<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">29 pa\u00edses afroasi\u00e1ticos se re\u00fanen en Indonesia y proclaman el Movimiento de Pa\u00edses No Alineados. Un tercio de la humanidad rechaza tomar partido en la Guerra Fr\u00eda. Nace el concepto de \u00abTercer Mundo\u00bb. La primera voz colectiva del Sur Global.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-mid\">\u25cf Alta relevancia<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">1955 \u2014 1975<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right empty\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left empty\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">1975 \u2014 1979<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Global<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Derrota en Vietnam, revoluci\u00f3n iran\u00ed y la segunda crisis del petr\u00f3leo<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">EE.UU. pierde su primera guerra. Iran expulsa al Shah e instaura la Rep\u00fablica Isl\u00e1mica de Jomeini. La OPEP duplica el precio del petr\u00f3leo. Tres golpes simult\u00e1neos que acaban con el optimismo occidental de posguerra y anuncian una nueva era de incertidumbre.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-mid\">\u25cf Alta relevancia<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Europa<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Gorbachov, la perestroika y el derrumbe sovi\u00e9tico<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">Gorbachov intenta reformar sin destruir. La glasnost libera voces que el sistema no puede contener. En 1989, el Muro cae. En 1991, la URSS se disuelve en 15 estados. El experimento comunista sovi\u00e9tico termina sin guerra. La historia raramente es tan limpia.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Evento pivotal<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">1985 \u2014 1991<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right empty\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-era reveal\"><span class=\"tl-era-label\">El momento unipolar \u00b7 1991 \u2014 2008<\/span><\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left empty\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">1990 \u2014 1991<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Conflicto \u00b7 Oriente Medio<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Primera Guerra del Golfo<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">Saddam Hussein invade Kuwait. EE.UU. construye una coalici\u00f3n de 35 pa\u00edses con mandato de la ONU. En 100 horas de guerra terrestre, Iraq es expulsado. El primer gran despliegue del poder unipolar estadounidense. Bush padre anuncia el \u00abNuevo Orden Mundial\u00bb.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-mid\">\u25cf Alta relevancia<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Econom\u00eda \u00b7 Global<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">La globalizaci\u00f3n y la OMC<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">En 1995 nace la Organizaci\u00f3n Mundial del Comercio. En 2001, China entra en la OMC: el mayor acontecimiento econ\u00f3mico del siglo. El comercio mundial se cuadruplica en una generaci\u00f3n. La globalizaci\u00f3n crea riqueza sin precedentes y desigualdad sin precedentes.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-mid\">\u25cf Alta relevancia<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">1995 \u2014 2001<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right empty\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left empty\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">11 Sep 2001<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Conflicto \u00b7 Global<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">El 11-S y el fin de la \u00abpaz liberal\u00bb<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">2.977 muertos. La mayor operaci\u00f3n terrorista de la historia. EE.UU. invoca el Art\u00edculo 5 de la OTAN por primera y \u00fanica vez. Comienzan veinte a\u00f1os de guerras en Afganist\u00e1n e Irak que costar\u00e1n 6,4 billones de d\u00f3lares y dejar\u00e1n el mundo m\u00e1s inestable que antes.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Evento pivotal<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-era reveal\"><span class=\"tl-era-label\">El mundo en transici\u00f3n \u00b7 2008 \u2014 2026<\/span><\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Econom\u00eda \u00b7 Europa<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Crisis financiera global y el cuestionamiento del modelo occidental<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">La quiebra de Lehman Brothers en septiembre de 2008 desencadena la mayor recesi\u00f3n desde los a\u00f1os 30. Los gobiernos rescatan bancos con dinero p\u00fablico. La desigualdad se dispara. La fe en el libre mercado como modelo universal empieza a agrietarse de forma irreversible.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Evento pivotal<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">2008<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right empty\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left empty\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">2016<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Occidente<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Brexit y Trump: el populismo llega al poder<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">El 51,9% del Reino Unido vota salir de la UE. Meses despu\u00e9s, Trump gana las elecciones en EE.UU. cuestionando la OTAN, el libre comercio y el multilateralismo. El orden liberal internacional, construido desde 1945, enfrenta su mayor desaf\u00edo desde adentro.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Evento pivotal<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Global<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">COVID-19: el orden internacional bajo estr\u00e9s<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">La pandemia expone la fragilidad de las cadenas de suministro globales, la escasez de multilateralismo real y la competencia entre potencias incluso en la distribuci\u00f3n de vacunas. El \u00abvaccine nationalism\u00bb es el s\u00edntoma m\u00e1s elocuente del estado del orden internacional.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-mid\">\u25cf Alta relevancia<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">2020 \u2014 2022<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right empty\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left empty\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">24 Feb 2022<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Conflicto \u00b7 Europa<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Invasi\u00f3n rusa de Ucrania: el retorno de la geopol\u00edtica cl\u00e1sica<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">La mayor operaci\u00f3n militar en Europa desde 1945. Rusia viola la Carta de la ONU. Europa responde con sanciones sin precedentes. La OTAN se refuerza. Finlandia y Suecia rompen su neutralidad. El orden post-Guerra Fr\u00eda se derrumba definitivamente.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Evento pivotal<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Global<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">2023-2026: La multipolaridad como nueva realidad<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">Los BRICS se ampl\u00edan. China y Arabia Saud\u00ed median entre Ir\u00e1n y los estados del Golfo. EE.UU. pierde influencia en \u00c1frica y Am\u00e9rica Latina. El Sur Global exige un lugar en las instituciones dise\u00f1adas en 1945. El mundo del siglo XXI ya no tiene un solo director de orquesta.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Tendencia en curso<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">2023 \u2014 2026<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right empty\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"quote-break\">\n <span class=\"quote-mark\">\u00ab<\/span>\n <p class=\"quote-text\">La historia no se repite, pero rima. Y para escuchar esa rima hay que conocer el poema original.<\/p>\n <p class=\"quote-author\">\u2014 Reflexi\u00f3n editorial \u00b7 \u00d3rbita<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"suggest-section\">\n <div class=\"suggest-inner\">\n <div class=\"suggest-left\">\n <p class=\"section-eyebrow\" style=\"color:var(--accent);font-family:'Syne',sans-serif;font-size:0.68rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:0.2em;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:0.5rem;\">Construyendo el archivo<\/p>\n <h2>\u00bfQu\u00e9 proceso <em>hist\u00f3rico<\/em> te falta?<\/h2>\n <p>Las cronolog\u00edas de \u00d3rbita se construyen desde el rigor y la utilidad. Si hay un conflicto, un proceso diplom\u00e1tico o un per\u00edodo hist\u00f3rico que crees que merece ser documentado, escr\u00edbeme.<\/p>\n <a href=\"mailto:hola@orbitamundial.com\" class=\"btn-accent\">Proponer una cronolog\u00eda \u2192<\/a>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"suggest-ideas\">\n <div class=\"suggest-idea\"><span class=\"suggest-idea-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica<\/span>La rivalidad China-EE.UU.: de Nixon a la guerra arancelaria de 2025<\/div>\n <div class=\"suggest-idea\"><span class=\"suggest-idea-tag\">Conflictos<\/span>Las tres guerras del Golfo: 1980, 1991, 2003<\/div>\n <div class=\"suggest-idea\"><span class=\"suggest-idea-tag\">Europa<\/span>La crisis del euro: de Maastricht a Draghi<\/div>\n <div class=\"suggest-idea\"><span class=\"suggest-idea-tag\">Historia<\/span>El colonialismo belga en el Congo: el crimen invisible<\/div>\n <div class=\"suggest-idea\"><span class=\"suggest-idea-tag\">Diplomacia<\/span>Las cumbres de la ONU: del clima a los derechos humanos<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"newsletter-section\" id=\"newsletter\">\n <div class=\"newsletter-inner\">\n <p class=\"section-eyebrow\" style=\"color:var(--accent);font-family:'Syne',sans-serif;font-size:0.68rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:0.2em;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:0.4rem;\">Para tu bandeja de entrada<\/p>\n <h2>An\u00e1lisis que <em>importan<\/em><\/h2>\n <p>Cada semana, un an\u00e1lisis en profundidad sobre geopol\u00edtica, RRII o historia. 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{"id":201,"date":"2026-04-06T20:33:40","date_gmt":"2026-04-06T18:33:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/orbitamundial.com\/?page_id=201"},"modified":"2026-04-18T17:01:02","modified_gmt":"2026-04-18T15:01:02","slug":"lineas-del-tiempo","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/orbitamundial.com\/index.php\/lineas-del-tiempo\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u00edneas del tiempo"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n \n \n Cronolog\u00edas \u2014 \u00d3rbita<\/title>\n <link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\" \/>\n <link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Playfair+Display:ital,wght@0,400;0,700;0,900;1,400;1,700&family=Syne:wght@400;600;700;800&family=Lora:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;1,400&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\" \/>\n <style>\n :root {\n --ink: #0f0f0f; --ink-soft: #1a1a1a; --charcoal: #2a2a2a;\n --graphite: #4a4a4a; --stone: #7a7a7a; --silver: #b0b0b0;\n --fog: #d8d8d8; --off-white: #f5f3ef; --paper: #faf9f7;\n --white: #ffffff; --accent: #c8a96e; --accent-dim: #9e7e48;\n }\n *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\n html { scroll-behavior: smooth; }\n body { font-family: 'Lora', Georgia, serif; background: var(--paper); color: var(--ink); line-height: 1.75; overflow-x: hidden; }\n body::after { content: ''; position: fixed; inset: 0; background-image: url(\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg viewBox='0 0 512 512' xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%3E%3Cfilter id='n'%3E%3CfeTurbulence type='fractalNoise' baseFrequency='0.75' numOctaves='4' stitchTiles='stitch'\/%3E%3C\/filter%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' filter='url(%23n)' opacity='0.03'\/%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"); pointer-events: none; z-index: 9999; }\n\n \/* NAV *\/\n nav { position: fixed; top: 0; left: 0; right: 0; height: 64px; background: rgba(250,249,247,0.96); backdrop-filter: blur(10px); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--fog); display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; padding: 0 2rem; z-index: 200; }\n .nav-logo { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 1.45rem; font-weight: 800; color: var(--ink); 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display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 5rem; align-items: center; }\n .page-hero-eyebrow { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.8rem; margin-bottom: 1.4rem; }\n .eyebrow-line { width: 36px; height: 2px; background: var(--accent); }\n .eyebrow-text { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.68rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.2em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--accent); }\n .page-hero h1 { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: clamp(2.8rem, 5vw, 5rem); font-weight: 900; line-height: 1.05; letter-spacing: -0.02em; color: var(--white); margin-bottom: 1.4rem; }\n .page-hero h1 em { font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: var(--accent); }\n .page-hero-desc { font-size: 1rem; color: var(--silver); max-width: 520px; margin-bottom: 2.5rem; }\n .hero-stats { display: flex; gap: 2.5rem; }\n .stat-num { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: 2.2rem; font-weight: 900; color: var(--accent); line-height: 1; display: block; }\n .stat-label { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.62rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.14em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--stone); margin-top: 0.3rem; display: block; }\n\n \/* mini timeline hero *\/\n .hero-timeline-preview { position: relative; padding-left: 2rem; }\n .htl-line { position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; bottom: 0; width: 2px; background: linear-gradient(to bottom, var(--accent), rgba(200,169,110,0.05)); }\n .htl-item { position: relative; margin-bottom: 1.6rem; padding-left: 1.5rem; }\n .htl-item::before { content: ''; position: absolute; left: -2.4rem; top: 0.45rem; width: 10px; height: 10px; border-radius: 50%; background: var(--accent); box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgba(200,169,110,0.2); }\n .htl-year { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.68rem; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: 0.16em; color: var(--accent); margin-bottom: 0.15rem; }\n .htl-text { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: 0.88rem; font-weight: 700; color: var(--white); line-height: 1.3; }\n .htl-sub { font-family: 'Lora', serif; font-size: 0.75rem; font-style: italic; color: var(--stone); margin-top: 0.15rem; }\n\n \/* FILTROS *\/\n .filters-bar { background: var(--white); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--fog); padding: 1.1rem 2rem; position: sticky; top: 64px; z-index: 100; }\n .filters-inner { max-width: 1600px; margin: 0 auto; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.5rem; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n .filter-label { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.62rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.15em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--stone); margin-right: 0.5rem; }\n .filter-btn { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.63rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.12em; text-transform: uppercase; padding: 0.38rem 0.9rem; border: 1px solid var(--fog); border-radius: 3px; background: transparent; color: var(--graphite); cursor: pointer; transition: all 0.22s; }\n .filter-btn:hover, .filter-btn.active { background: var(--ink); color: var(--white); border-color: var(--ink); }\n\n \/* SECCI\u00d3N TARJETAS *\/\n .timelines-section { max-width: 1600px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 4rem 2rem; }\n .section-header { display: flex; align-items: flex-end; justify-content: space-between; margin-bottom: 3rem; padding-bottom: 1.2rem; border-bottom: 2px solid var(--ink); }\n .section-eyebrow { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.68rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.2em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--accent); margin-bottom: 0.4rem; }\n .section-title { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: clamp(1.8rem, 3vw, 2.6rem); font-weight: 900; color: var(--ink); line-height: 1.1; }\n .section-title em { font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; }\n\n .timelines-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); gap: 1.4rem; }\n .tl-card { background: var(--white); border-radius: 8px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 2px 14px rgba(0,0,0,0.06); text-decoration: none; color: inherit; display: block; transition: all 0.32s; cursor: pointer; }\n .tl-card:hover { transform: translateY(-6px); box-shadow: 0 20px 48px rgba(0,0,0,0.13); }\n .tl-card.wide { grid-column: span 2; }\n\n .tl-card-header { padding: 1.8rem 2rem 1.4rem; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--fog); background: var(--off-white); position: relative; overflow: hidden; }\n .tl-card.wide .tl-card-header { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr auto; gap: 2rem; align-items: start; }\n .tl-header-bg { position: absolute; right: -0.5rem; top: -1rem; font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: 5.5rem; font-weight: 900; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.04); line-height: 1; letter-spacing: -0.04em; user-select: none; pointer-events: none; }\n .tl-tag { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.62rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.15em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--accent); margin-bottom: 0.5rem; }\n .tl-title { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: 1.1rem; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.25; color: var(--ink); margin-bottom: 0.4rem; transition: color 0.25s; }\n .tl-card.wide .tl-title { font-size: 1.4rem; }\n .tl-card:hover .tl-title { color: var(--accent-dim); }\n .tl-span { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.63rem; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.1em; color: var(--stone); }\n .tl-range { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.5rem; background: var(--ink); color: var(--accent); font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.63rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.12em; padding: 0.28rem 0.75rem; border-radius: 3px; white-space: nowrap; flex-shrink: 0; }\n\n .tl-body { padding: 1.3rem 2rem 1.8rem; }\n .tl-mini { display: flex; flex-direction: column; }\n .tl-mini-item { display: flex; gap: 0.9rem; align-items: flex-start; padding: 0.7rem 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--fog); }\n .tl-mini-item:last-child { border-bottom: none; }\n .tl-mini-year { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.66rem; font-weight: 800; color: var(--accent); min-width: 42px; padding-top: 4px; flex-shrink: 0; }\n .tl-mini-dot { width: 7px; height: 7px; border-radius: 50%; background: var(--accent); flex-shrink: 0; margin-top: 8px; }\n .tl-mini-text { font-family: 'Lora', serif; font-size: 0.8rem; color: var(--graphite); line-height: 1.5; }\n .tl-mini-text strong { font-weight: 500; color: var(--ink); }\n .tl-footer { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 1rem; padding-top: 0.9rem; border-top: 1px solid var(--fog); }\n .tl-events { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.6rem; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.1em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--stone); }\n .tl-cta { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.6rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.12em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--accent); display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.3rem; transition: gap 0.25s; }\n .tl-card:hover .tl-cta { gap: 0.55rem; }\n\n \/* GRAN L\u00cdNEA DEL TIEMPO CENTRAL *\/\n .timeline-full-section { background: var(--off-white); padding: 5rem 2rem; }\n .timeline-full-inner { max-width: 1100px; margin: 0 auto; }\n .tl-full-header { display: flex; align-items: flex-start; justify-content: space-between; margin-bottom: 4rem; padding-bottom: 1.5rem; border-bottom: 2px solid var(--ink); gap: 2rem; }\n .tl-full-title { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: clamp(2rem, 4vw, 3rem); font-weight: 900; color: var(--ink); line-height: 1.1; }\n .tl-full-title em { font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; }\n .tl-full-meta { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.7rem; color: var(--stone); line-height: 1.9; text-align: right; flex-shrink: 0; }\n\n .timeline-track { position: relative; }\n .timeline-track::before { content: ''; position: absolute; left: 50%; top: 0; bottom: 0; width: 2px; background: linear-gradient(to bottom, var(--accent) 0%, rgba(200,169,110,0.15) 100%); transform: translateX(-50%); }\n\n .tl-event { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 64px 1fr; margin-bottom: 0; align-items: start; }\n .tl-event-left { text-align: right; padding: 0 2.2rem 2.8rem 0; }\n .tl-event-right { padding: 0 0 2.8rem 2.2rem; }\n .tl-event-left.empty, .tl-event-right.empty { pointer-events: none; }\n .tl-event-center { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; padding-top: 0.25rem; position: relative; z-index: 1; }\n .tl-event-node { width: 13px; height: 13px; border-radius: 50%; background: var(--accent); box-shadow: 0 0 0 4px var(--off-white), 0 0 0 6px var(--accent); flex-shrink: 0; transition: transform 0.25s; }\n .tl-event:hover .tl-event-node { transform: scale(1.35); }\n .tl-event-year-badge { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.58rem; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: 0.12em; color: var(--accent); margin-top: 0.55rem; white-space: nowrap; }\n\n .tl-event-card { background: var(--white); border-radius: 6px; padding: 1.1rem 1.3rem; box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.07); transition: all 0.28s; }\n .tl-event-card:hover { box-shadow: 0 8px 28px rgba(0,0,0,0.12); transform: translateY(-2px); }\n .tl-event-tag { font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.56rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.15em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--accent); margin-bottom: 0.35rem; }\n .tl-event-title { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: 0.92rem; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.3; color: var(--ink); margin-bottom: 0.35rem; }\n .tl-event-desc { font-size: 0.76rem; color: var(--graphite); line-height: 1.6; }\n .tl-event-importance { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.3rem; margin-top: 0.5rem; font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.56rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.1em; text-transform: uppercase; }\n .importance-high { color: #c8504a; }\n .importance-mid { color: var(--accent); }\n .importance-low { color: var(--stone); }\n\n .tl-era { grid-column: span 3; text-align: center; padding: 1.2rem 0 2.2rem; }\n .tl-era-label { display: inline-block; background: var(--ink); color: var(--accent); font-family: 'Syne', sans-serif; font-size: 0.63rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.2em; text-transform: uppercase; padding: 0.38rem 1.4rem; border-radius: 3px; }\n\n \/* QUOTE *\/\n .quote-break { background: var(--paper); padding: 5rem 2rem; text-align: center; border-top: 1px solid var(--fog); 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font-size: 0.56rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.14em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--accent); font-style: normal; display: block; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; }\n\n \/* NEWSLETTER *\/\n .newsletter-section { background: var(--paper); padding: 5rem 2rem; border-top: 1px solid var(--fog); }\n .newsletter-inner { max-width: 700px; margin: 0 auto; text-align: center; }\n .newsletter-inner h2 { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: clamp(2rem, 4vw, 3.2rem); font-weight: 900; color: var(--ink); margin-bottom: 1rem; line-height: 1.1; }\n .newsletter-inner h2 em { font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; }\n .newsletter-inner p { font-size: 0.92rem; color: var(--graphite); margin-bottom: 2.5rem; }\n .nl-form { display: flex; border: 1px solid var(--fog); border-radius: 4px; overflow: hidden; }\n .nl-form input { flex: 1; padding: 1rem 1.5rem; background: var(--white); border: none; outline: none; color: var(--ink); font-family: 'Lora', serif; font-size: 0.88rem; }\n .nl-form input::placeholder { color: var(--stone); 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}\n\n @keyframes fadeUp { from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(24px); } to { opacity: 1; transform: none; } }\n\n \/* RESPONSIVE *\/\n @media (max-width: 1024px) {\n .page-hero-inner { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 3rem; }\n .timelines-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }\n .tl-card.wide { grid-column: span 2; }\n .timeline-track::before { left: 20px; transform: none; }\n .tl-event { grid-template-columns: 28px 1fr; }\n .tl-event-left { display: none; }\n .tl-event-right { padding-left: 1.4rem; grid-column: 2; }\n .tl-era { grid-column: span 2; }\n .suggest-inner { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 2.5rem; }\n .footer-inner { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 2rem; }\n }\n @media (max-width: 640px) {\n .timelines-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n .tl-card.wide { grid-column: span 1; }\n .tl-card.wide .tl-card-header { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n .nl-form { flex-direction: column; }\n .footer-inner { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n .nav-links { display: none; }\n }\n <\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n\n<nav>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/orbitamundial.com\/\" class=\"nav-logo\">\u00d3rbit<span class=\"logo-a\">a<\/span><\/a>\n <ul class=\"nav-links\">\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/orbitamundial.com\/\">Inicio<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/orbitamundial.com\/index.php\/category\/articulos\/geopolitica\/\">Geopol\u00edtica<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/orbitamundial.com\/index.php\/category\/articulos\/conflictos\/\">Conflictos<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/orbitamundial.com\/index.php\/category\/articulos\/\">Art\u00edculos<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/orbitamundial.com\/index.php\/category\/articulos\/historia\/\">Historia<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/orbitamundial.com\/index.php\/category\/articulos\/cultura\/\">Cultura<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/orbitamundial.com\/index.php\/sobre-mi\/\">Sobre m\u00ed<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/orbitamundial.com\/index.php\/glosario\/\">Glosario<\/a><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <a href=\"#newsletter\" class=\"nav-cta\">Suscribirse<\/a>\n<\/nav>\n\n\n<div class=\"page-hero\">\n <div class=\"page-hero-inner\">\n <div>\n <div class=\"page-hero-eyebrow\">\n <div class=\"eyebrow-line\"><\/div>\n <span class=\"eyebrow-text\">Historia en perspectiva<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <h1>Cronolog\u00edas e <em>historia<\/em><\/h1>\n <p class=\"page-hero-desc\">El tiempo como herramienta de an\u00e1lisis. L\u00edneas del tiempo y cronolog\u00edas comentadas de los procesos que han dado forma al sistema internacional contempor\u00e1neo, desde Westfalia hasta hoy.<\/p>\n <div class=\"hero-stats\">\n <div><span class=\"stat-num\">18<\/span><span class=\"stat-label\">Cronolog\u00edas<\/span><\/div>\n <div><span class=\"stat-num\">280+<\/span><span class=\"stat-label\">Eventos<\/span><\/div>\n <div><span class=\"stat-num\">375<\/span><span class=\"stat-label\">A\u00f1os cubiertos<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"hero-timeline-preview\">\n <div class=\"htl-line\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"htl-item\"><p class=\"htl-year\">1648<\/p><p class=\"htl-text\">Paz de Westfalia<\/p><p class=\"htl-sub\">Nace el sistema de Estados soberanos<\/p><\/div>\n <div class=\"htl-item\"><p class=\"htl-year\">1919<\/p><p class=\"htl-text\">Tratado de Versalles \u00b7 Sociedad de Naciones<\/p><p class=\"htl-sub\">El primer intento de orden internacional<\/p><\/div>\n <div class=\"htl-item\"><p class=\"htl-year\">1945<\/p><p class=\"htl-text\">ONU \u00b7 Plan Marshall \u00b7 Guerra Fr\u00eda<\/p><p class=\"htl-sub\">El nuevo orden bipolar de posguerra<\/p><\/div>\n <div class=\"htl-item\"><p class=\"htl-year\">1991<\/p><p class=\"htl-text\">Fin de la URSS \u00b7 Momento unipolar<\/p><p class=\"htl-sub\">EE.UU. como \u00fanica superpotencia<\/p><\/div>\n <div class=\"htl-item\"><p class=\"htl-year\">2001<\/p><p class=\"htl-text\">11-S \u00b7 Guerra contra el terror<\/p><p class=\"htl-sub\">El fin del optimismo de los 90<\/p><\/div>\n <div class=\"htl-item\"><p class=\"htl-year\">2022<\/p><p class=\"htl-text\">Invasi\u00f3n de Ucrania \u00b7 Multipolaridad<\/p><p class=\"htl-sub\">El retorno de la guerra a Europa<\/p><\/div>\n <div class=\"htl-item\" style=\"opacity:0.35;\"><p class=\"htl-year\">2026<\/p><p class=\"htl-text\">El orden mundial en transici\u00f3n<\/p><p class=\"htl-sub\">\u00bfHacia d\u00f3nde va el sistema internacional?<\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"filters-bar\">\n <div class=\"filters-inner\">\n <span class=\"filter-label\">Filtrar por:<\/span>\n <button class=\"filter-btn active\" onclick=\"filterTL('todos',this)\">Todas<\/button>\n <button class=\"filter-btn\" onclick=\"filterTL('conflicto',this)\">Conflictos<\/button>\n <button class=\"filter-btn\" onclick=\"filterTL('diplomacia',this)\">Diplomacia<\/button>\n <button class=\"filter-btn\" onclick=\"filterTL('geopolitica',this)\">Geopol\u00edtica<\/button>\n <button class=\"filter-btn\" onclick=\"filterTL('europa',this)\">Europa<\/button>\n <button class=\"filter-btn\" onclick=\"filterTL('historia',this)\">Historia<\/button>\n <button class=\"filter-btn\" onclick=\"filterTL('asia',this)\">Asia<\/button>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"timelines-section\">\n <div class=\"section-header reveal\">\n <div>\n <p class=\"section-eyebrow\">Archivo cronol\u00f3gico<\/p>\n <h2 class=\"section-title\">Todas las <em>cronolog\u00edas<\/em><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n <span style=\"font-family:'Syne',sans-serif;font-size:0.7rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:0.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--stone);\">18 cronolog\u00edas \u00b7 280+ eventos<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"timelines-grid\" id=\"tlGrid\">\n\n \n <a href=\"https:\/\/orbitamundial.com\/index.php\/lineas-del-tiempo-israel-palestina\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"tl-card wide reveal\" data-cat=\"diplomacia\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <div>\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Diplomacia \u00b7 Oriente Medio<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">El proceso de paz israel\u00ed-palestino: de Oslo al colapso<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">1947 \u2014 2026 \u00b7 79 a\u00f1os sin soluci\u00f3n<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-range\">1947 \u2192 2026<\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">Oslo<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1947<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Plan de partici\u00f3n de la ONU.<\/strong> La Resoluci\u00f3n 181 divide Palestina en un Estado jud\u00edo y uno \u00e1rabe. Los \u00e1rabes la rechazan.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1948<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Nakba y fundaci\u00f3n de Israel.<\/strong> 700.000 palestinos son desplazados. Primera guerra \u00e1rabe-israel\u00ed.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1967<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Guerra de los Seis D\u00edas.<\/strong> Israel ocupa Gaza, Cisjordania, el Sina\u00ed y los Altos del Gol\u00e1n en 6 d\u00edas. Inicio de la ocupaci\u00f3n.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1993<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Acuerdos de Oslo I.<\/strong> Rabin y Arafat se estrechan la mano en Washington. El reloj de cinco a\u00f1os empieza y nunca llega a su fin.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2000<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Fracaso de Camp David.<\/strong> Clinton, Barak y Arafat no alcanzan acuerdo. Estalla la Segunda Intifada.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2023<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>7 de octubre.<\/strong> Hamas lanza el mayor ataque contra civiles israel\u00edes desde 1948. Comienza la ofensiva en Gaza.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">22 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda completa \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/a>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card reveal\" data-cat=\"geopolitica\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Global<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">La Guerra Fr\u00eda: del Tel\u00f3n de Acero a la ca\u00edda del Muro<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">1947 \u2014 1991<\/p>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">1947<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1947<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Doctrina Truman y Plan Marshall.<\/strong> EE.UU. asume la contenci\u00f3n del comunismo y reconstruye Europa occidental con 13.000 millones de d\u00f3lares.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1949<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>OTAN y bomba sovi\u00e9tica.<\/strong> Se funda la Alianza Atl\u00e1ntica. La URSS prueba su primera bomba nuclear. Termina el monopolio at\u00f3mico de EE.UU.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1962<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Crisis de los misiles de Cuba.<\/strong> 13 d\u00edas al borde de la guerra nuclear. Kennedy y Khrushchev negocian la retirada de los misiles sovi\u00e9ticos.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1972<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Distensi\u00f3n: Nixon en China.<\/strong> Nixon visita a Mao. Se firman los acuerdos SALT I con la URSS. Primer gran per\u00edodo de distensi\u00f3n.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1989<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Ca\u00edda del Muro de Berl\u00edn.<\/strong> El 9 de noviembre cae el s\u00edmbolo m\u00e1s poderoso de la Guerra Fr\u00eda. Europa del Este se libera en cascada.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">26 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card reveal\" data-cat=\"europa\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Europa \u00b7 Integraci\u00f3n<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">La construcci\u00f3n europea: de las ruinas de la guerra al euro<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">1950 \u2014 2026<\/p>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">UE<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1950<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Declaraci\u00f3n Schuman.<\/strong> El ministro franc\u00e9s propone poner el carb\u00f3n y el acero bajo una autoridad com\u00fan. Nace la idea de Europa.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1957<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Tratado de Roma.<\/strong> Francia, Alemania, Italia y el Benelux crean la CEE. El mercado com\u00fan europeo empieza a tomar forma.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1992<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Tratado de Maastricht.<\/strong> Nace la Uni\u00f3n Europea con nombre propio. Se fija el calendario hacia la moneda \u00fanica.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2002<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Entrada en circulaci\u00f3n del euro.<\/strong> 12 pa\u00edses adoptan la moneda \u00fanica. El proyecto pol\u00edtico m\u00e1s ambicioso de la historia europea.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2016<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Brexit.<\/strong> El 51,9% del Reino Unido vota salir de la UE. El primer Estado miembro en abandonar el proyecto europeo.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">20 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card wide reveal\" data-cat=\"conflicto\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <div>\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Conflictos \u00b7 Europa del Este<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">Rusia y Ucrania: del colapso sovi\u00e9tico a la guerra total<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">1991 \u2014 2026 \u00b7 Conflicto en curso<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-range\">1991 \u2192 hoy<\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">2022<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1991<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Independencia de Ucrania.<\/strong> El 92% vota a favor en refer\u00e9ndum. En 1994, el Memor\u00e1ndum de Budapest: Ucrania entrega su arsenal nuclear a cambio de garant\u00edas de seguridad que nadie cumplir\u00e1.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2004<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Revoluci\u00f3n Naranja.<\/strong> Fraude electoral masivo a favor del candidato pro-ruso. Protestas en el Maid\u00e1n. Yushchenko gana la segunda vuelta.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2008<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Cumbre de la OTAN en Bucarest.<\/strong> Bush presiona para ofrecer la adhesi\u00f3n futura a Ucrania y Georgia. Alemania y Francia se oponen. Putin advierte de consecuencias.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2014<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Euromaid\u00e1n y anexi\u00f3n de Crimea.<\/strong> Yanukovych huye a Rusia. En 16 d\u00edas, Rusia toma Crimea. Comienza el conflicto del Donbas: 14.000 muertos en 8 a\u00f1os.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2022<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Invasi\u00f3n a gran escala.<\/strong> 24 de febrero: la mayor operaci\u00f3n militar en Europa desde 1945. Europa reacciona con sanciones sin precedentes. La OTAN se refuerza.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2024<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Guerra de desgaste.<\/strong> Ucrania ataca suelo ruso por primera vez. EE.UU. autoriza el uso de misiles de largo alcance. El conflicto se estabiliza sin resoluci\u00f3n.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">24 eventos documentados \u00b7 En actualizaci\u00f3n<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda completa \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card reveal\" data-cat=\"historia\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Historia \u00b7 \u00c1frica<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">El reparto de \u00c1frica: de la Conferencia de Berl\u00edn a las independencias<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">1884 \u2014 1994<\/p>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">1884<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1884<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Conferencia de Berl\u00edn.<\/strong> 14 potencias trazan fronteras africanas sin consultar a sus pueblos. El 90% del continente queda bajo dominio europeo en una generaci\u00f3n.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1957<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Ghana, primera independencia.<\/strong> Nkrumah inicia la ola descolonizadora. En 1960 \u2014el \u00abA\u00f1o de \u00c1frica\u00bb\u2014 se independizan 17 pa\u00edses.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1975<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Colonias portuguesas.<\/strong> Angola, Mozambique y Cabo Verde logran la independencia tras la Revoluci\u00f3n de los Claveles en Lisboa.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1994<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Fin del apartheid.<\/strong> Mandela gana las primeras elecciones multirraciales de Sud\u00e1frica. El mismo a\u00f1o, el genocidio de Ruanda mata a 800.000 personas en 100 d\u00edas.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">20 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card reveal\" data-cat=\"asia\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Asia<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">El ascenso de China: de Mao a la segunda econom\u00eda del mundo<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">1949 \u2014 2026<\/p>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">China<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1949<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Proclamaci\u00f3n de la RPC.<\/strong> Mao Zedong funda la Rep\u00fablica Popular China tras la victoria comunista en la guerra civil. El Kuomintang se retira a Taiw\u00e1n.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1972<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Nixon visita a Mao.<\/strong> El mayor giro diplom\u00e1tico de la Guerra Fr\u00eda. EE.UU. reconoce a la China continental y acepta la pol\u00edtica de \u00abuna sola China\u00bb.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1978<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Reformas de Deng Xiaoping.<\/strong> \u00abEnriquecerse es glorioso.\u00bb China abre su econom\u00eda sin renunciar al poder del Partido. Empieza el milagro econ\u00f3mico.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2013<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Xi Jinping y la Iniciativa Belt and Road.<\/strong> China lanza el proyecto de infraestructuras m\u00e1s ambicioso de la historia. 140 pa\u00edses firman acuerdos de cooperaci\u00f3n.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2023<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Tensiones en el estrecho de Taiw\u00e1n.<\/strong> China intensifica los ejercicios militares. EE.UU. vende armamento a Taiw\u00e1n. El escenario m\u00e1s peligroso en d\u00e9cadas.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">18 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card wide reveal\" data-cat=\"conflicto\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <div>\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Conflictos \u00b7 Global<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">El 11-S y la guerra contra el terror: veinte a\u00f1os que reescribieron el orden mundial<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">2001 \u2014 2021<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-range\">2001 \u2192 2021<\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">11-S<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2001<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>11 de septiembre.<\/strong> Dos aviones destruyen las Torres Gemelas. 2.977 muertos. EE.UU. invoca el Art\u00edculo 5 de la OTAN por primera y \u00fanica vez en su historia. Afganist\u00e1n como primer teatro de operaciones.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2003<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Invasi\u00f3n de Irak.<\/strong> Bush, Blair y Aznar justifican la guerra con \u00abarmas de destrucci\u00f3n masiva\u00bb que no existen. La ONU no avala la intervenci\u00f3n. Francia y Alemania se oponen. Europa se fractura.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2011<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Muerte de Bin Laden y Primavera \u00c1rabe.<\/strong> La operaci\u00f3n en Abbottabad elimina al l\u00edder de Al-Qaeda. Simult\u00e1neamente, las revoluciones en T\u00fanez, Egipto, Libia y Siria reconfiguran Oriente Medio.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2014<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Irrupci\u00f3n del Estado Isl\u00e1mico.<\/strong> El ISIS proclama el califato en Siria e Irak. Ocupa un territorio del tama\u00f1o de Gran Breta\u00f1a. Nueva coalici\u00f3n internacional liderada por EE.UU.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2021<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Retirada de Afganist\u00e1n.<\/strong> Los talibanes retoman Kabul en d\u00edas. Veinte a\u00f1os de guerra, 2,4 billones de d\u00f3lares gastados y el mismo r\u00e9gimen que hab\u00eda en 2001. El fracaso m\u00e1s costoso de la historia.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">19 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda completa \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card reveal\" data-cat=\"europa\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Europa<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">La OTAN: de 12 a 32 miembros y el retorno de la l\u00f3gica de bloques<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">1949 \u2014 2024<\/p>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">OTAN<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1949<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Fundaci\u00f3n.<\/strong> 12 estados firman el Tratado de Washington. El Art\u00edculo 5 convierte el ataque a uno en ataque a todos. Respuesta directa a la amenaza sovi\u00e9tica.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1999<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Primera gran expansi\u00f3n al Este.<\/strong> Polonia, Rep\u00fablica Checa y Hungr\u00eda, exmiembros del Pacto de Varsovia, se incorporan. Rusia lo vive como una traici\u00f3n.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2008<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Bucarest y el veto franco-alem\u00e1n.<\/strong> Bush quiere ofrecer la adhesi\u00f3n a Ucrania y Georgia. Merkel y Sarkozy bloquean la propuesta. Putin interpreta el gui\u00f1o como una oportunidad.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2022<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Resurrecci\u00f3n estrat\u00e9gica.<\/strong> La invasi\u00f3n de Ucrania devuelve la OTAN al centro de la pol\u00edtica europea. Finlandia y Suecia solicitan la adhesi\u00f3n rompiendo d\u00e9cadas de neutralidad.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2024<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Suecia, el miembro 32.<\/strong> Rompe con 200 a\u00f1os de neutralidad. La OTAN tiene ahora frontera directa con Rusia a lo largo de 1.340 km en el flanco norte.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">16 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card reveal\" data-cat=\"historia\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Historia \u00b7 Oriente Medio<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">La ca\u00edda del Imperio Otomano: el desmembramiento que todav\u00eda duele<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">1908 \u2014 1923<\/p>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">1923<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1908<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Revoluci\u00f3n de los J\u00f3venes Turcos.<\/strong> \u00daltimo intento de modernizaci\u00f3n del Imperio. El Comit\u00e9 de Uni\u00f3n y Progreso toma el poder.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1915<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Genocidio armenio.<\/strong> Entre 600.000 y 1,5 millones de armenios son asesinados. El primer genocidio del siglo XX, todav\u00eda sin reconocimiento turco.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1916<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Acuerdo Sykes-Picot.<\/strong> Francia y Reino Unido dividen en secreto el Oriente Medio prometido a los \u00e1rabes. Las fronteras que a\u00fan generan conflictos.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1917<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Declaraci\u00f3n Balfour.<\/strong> Londres promete una \u00abpatria nacional\u00bb para el pueblo jud\u00edo en Palestina. El documento de 67 palabras que cambi\u00f3 el Oriente Medio.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1923<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Tratado de Lausana.<\/strong> Nace la Rep\u00fablica de Turqu\u00eda bajo Atat\u00fcrk. El Imperio desaparece despu\u00e9s de 600 a\u00f1os. Sus fronteras siguen sin estar del todo resueltas.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">16 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card wide reveal\" data-cat=\"geopolitica\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <div>\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Econom\u00eda Global<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">La crisis financiera de 2008 y el inicio del declive occidental<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">2007 \u2014 2015<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-range\">2007 \u2192 2015<\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">2008<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2007<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Colapso de las hipotecas subprime.<\/strong> El mercado inmobiliario de EE.UU. empieza a derrumbarse. Los bancos europeos, sobrecargados de activos t\u00f3xicos, se tambalean.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2008<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Lehman Brothers se declara en quiebra.<\/strong> 15 de septiembre. El mayor colapso financiero de la historia. Los gobiernos rescatan bancos con dinero p\u00fablico. La desigualdad se dispara.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2010<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Crisis de la deuda europea.<\/strong> Grecia, Irlanda, Portugal y Espa\u00f1a al borde de la suspensi\u00f3n de pagos. La Troika impone austeridad. El proyecto europeo entra en crisis existencial.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2012<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Draghi y el \u00abwhatever it takes\u00bb.<\/strong> El presidente del BCE promete hacer lo que sea necesario para salvar el euro. Los mercados se calman. La crisis no desaparece, se transforma.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2015<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Grecia al l\u00edmite: el refer\u00e9ndum de Tsipras.<\/strong> El 61% vota contra la austeridad. Europa ignora el resultado. Grecia acepta un tercer rescate m\u00e1s duro que los anteriores.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">18 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda completa \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card reveal\" data-cat=\"historia\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Historia \u00b7 Asia<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">La descolonizaci\u00f3n de Asia: de la India a Vietnam<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">1945 \u2014 1975<\/p>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">1947<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1945<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Rendici\u00f3n japonesa.<\/strong> El fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial libera a millones de asi\u00e1ticos del dominio imperial nip\u00f3n, pero los europeos intentan recuperar sus colonias.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1947<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Independencia de India y Pakist\u00e1n.<\/strong> La Partici\u00f3n divide el subcontinente en dos estados seg\u00fan criterios religiosos. M\u00e1s de un mill\u00f3n de muertos en el proceso.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1954<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Dien Bien Phu.<\/strong> Francia es derrotada en Vietnam. Los Acuerdos de Ginebra dividen el pa\u00eds en dos. EE.UU. empezar\u00e1 a involucrarse de inmediato.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1975<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Ca\u00edda de Saig\u00f3n.<\/strong> EE.UU. se retira de Vietnam. Los tanques del norte toman la capital del sur. La primera guerra que EE.UU. pierde en su historia moderna.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">17 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card reveal\" data-cat=\"conflicto\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Conflictos \u00b7 Oriente Medio<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">La Primavera \u00c1rabe: revoluci\u00f3n, esperanza y colapso<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">2010 \u2014 2016<\/p>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">2011<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">Dic 2010<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Mohamed Bouazizi se inmola en T\u00fanez.<\/strong> El vendedor ambulante prende la mecha. En semanas, Ben Al\u00ed huye del pa\u00eds. La primera revoluci\u00f3n \u00e1rabe triunfa.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">Feb 2011<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Tahrir.<\/strong> Mubarak cae en Egipto tras 18 d\u00edas de protestas en la Plaza Tahrir. El ej\u00e9rcito toma el control. La transici\u00f3n democr\u00e1tica dura poco.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2011<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Siria: la revoluci\u00f3n que se convirti\u00f3 en guerra.<\/strong> Assad responde con violencia. El conflicto escala hasta convertirse en guerra civil con 14 actores internacionales implicados.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2016<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Balance de la Primavera \u00c1rabe.<\/strong> Solo T\u00fanez mantiene una democracia fr\u00e1gil. Libia, Yemen y Siria en guerra civil. Egipto de nuevo bajo un militar. Las esperanzas, enterradas.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">15 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card wide reveal\" data-cat=\"europa\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <div>\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Conflictos \u00b7 Europa<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">La disoluci\u00f3n de Yugoslavia: el regreso de la guerra a Europa<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">1991 \u2014 1999<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-range\">1991 \u2192 1999<\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">Balcanes<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1991<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Declaraciones de independencia.<\/strong> Eslovenia y Croacia declaran la independencia. El ej\u00e9rcito federal (dominado por Serbia) interviene. Europa reconoce r\u00e1pidamente los nuevos estados.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1992<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Guerra de Bosnia.<\/strong> El sitio de Sarajevo, el m\u00e1s largo de la historia moderna: 1.425 d\u00edas. La Europa que cre\u00eda haber superado la barbarie mira paralizada.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1995<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Srebrenica.<\/strong> 8.000 hombres y ni\u00f1os bosnios son asesinados bajo la mirada de las tropas holandesas de la ONU. El mayor genocidio en Europa desde el Holocausto.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1995<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Acuerdos de Dayton.<\/strong> EE.UU. fuerza el acuerdo de paz. Bosnia queda congelada en una arquitectura pol\u00edtica imposible que sigue sin resolverse treinta a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1999<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Kosovo y los bombardeos de la OTAN.<\/strong> Por primera vez, la OTAN interviene sin mandato de la ONU. Serbia capitula en 78 d\u00edas de bombardeos. Kosovo declarar\u00e1 su independencia en 2008.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">21 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda completa \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card reveal\" data-cat=\"asia\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Asia del Sur<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">India y Pakist\u00e1n: la bomba, Cachemira y la disuasi\u00f3n nuclear m\u00e1s peligrosa del mundo<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">1947 \u2014 2026<\/p>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">Kashmir<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1947<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Partici\u00f3n y primera guerra.<\/strong> La divisi\u00f3n del subcontinente deja Cachemira en disputa. Tres guerras en 26 a\u00f1os entre dos estados que comparten 3.300 km de frontera.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1971<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Tercera guerra y creaci\u00f3n de Bangladesh.<\/strong> India interviene en la guerra civil de Pakist\u00e1n Oriental. Nace Bangladesh. Pakistan pierde la mitad de su poblaci\u00f3n.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">1998<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Pruebas nucleares en cadena.<\/strong> India y Pakist\u00e1n prueban bombas at\u00f3micas con diferencia de d\u00edas. El mundo asiste al debut del primer conflicto nuclear bilateral del siglo XXI.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2019<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Modi revoca la autonom\u00eda de Cachemira.<\/strong> India elimina el art\u00edculo 370 de su constituci\u00f3n e integra Cachemira como territorio de la uni\u00f3n. Pakist\u00e1n condena la decisi\u00f3n. La tensi\u00f3n escala.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">14 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-card reveal\" data-cat=\"geopolitica\">\n <div class=\"tl-card-header\">\n <p class=\"tl-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Global<\/p>\n <h3 class=\"tl-title\">El orden multipolar emergente: BRICS, Sur Global y el fin de la hegemon\u00eda<\/h3>\n <p class=\"tl-span\">2001 \u2014 2026<\/p>\n <div class=\"tl-header-bg\">BRICS<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-body\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini\">\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2001<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Goldman Sachs acu\u00f1a \u00abBRIC\u00bb.<\/strong> El economista Jim O’Neill predice que Brasil, Rusia, India y China dominar\u00e1n la econom\u00eda mundial en 2050. La profec\u00eda se cumple a medias.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2009<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Primera cumbre BRIC.<\/strong> Los cuatro pa\u00edses se re\u00fanen por primera vez en Ekaterimburgo. Un a\u00f1o despu\u00e9s se suma Sud\u00e1frica: los BRICS son ya una realidad pol\u00edtica.<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2023<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Expansi\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica de los BRICS.<\/strong> Sud\u00e1frica acoge la cumbre que admite a seis nuevos miembros: Arabia Saud\u00ed, Emiratos, Etiop\u00eda, Egipto, Ir\u00e1n y Argentina (que luego se retira).<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-mini-item\"><span class=\"tl-mini-year\">2024<\/span><div class=\"tl-mini-dot\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-mini-text\"><strong>Debate sobre una moneda alternativa al d\u00f3lar.<\/strong> Los BRICS discuten crear una moneda de reserva propia. El d\u00f3lar sigue siendo dominante, pero su hegemon\u00eda empieza a cuestionarse.<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-footer\"><span class=\"tl-events\">13 eventos documentados<\/span><span class=\"tl-cta\">Ver cronolog\u00eda \u2192<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"timeline-full-section\" id=\"cronologia-sigloxx\">\n <div class=\"timeline-full-inner\">\n <div class=\"tl-full-header reveal\">\n <div>\n <p class=\"section-eyebrow\">Cronolog\u00eda expandida<\/p>\n <h2 class=\"tl-full-title\">El siglo de las <em>guerras y el orden<\/em><\/h2>\n <p style=\"font-family:'Lora',serif;font-size:0.88rem;color:var(--graphite);margin-top:0.8rem;max-width:520px;line-height:1.7;\">Los grandes hitos del sistema internacional desde la Primera Guerra Mundial hasta la transici\u00f3n multipolar del siglo XXI. Cada evento, una fractura o una recomposici\u00f3n del orden.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-full-meta\">\n <strong style=\"font-family:'Syne',sans-serif;font-size:0.63rem;letter-spacing:0.15em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--accent);\">Historia \u00b7 RRII \u00b7 Global<\/strong><br>\n 1914 \u2014 2026<br>\n 34 eventos clave<br>\n Actualizado Abril 2026\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"timeline-track\">\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-era reveal\"><span class=\"tl-era-label\">El colapso del viejo orden \u00b7 1914 \u2014 1945<\/span><\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Conflicto \u00b7 Europa<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Primera Guerra Mundial<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">El asesinato del Archiduque Francisco Fernando activa el sistema de alianzas europeo como un domin\u00f3. 20 millones de muertos. El fin de los imperios austro-h\u00fangaro, otomano y ruso. Europa jam\u00e1s volver\u00eda a ser el centro indiscutido del mundo.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Evento pivotal<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">1914 \u2014 1918<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right empty\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left empty\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">1919<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Diplomacia \u00b7 Europa<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Tratado de Versalles y la trampa de la paz<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">Alemania acepta la \u00abculpa de la guerra\u00bb, pierde el 13% de su territorio y debe pagar reparaciones imposibles. Wilson propone su Liga de Naciones, pero el Senado estadounidense la rechaza. Keynes predice que la paz solo sembrar\u00e1 la pr\u00f3xima guerra. Ten\u00eda raz\u00f3n.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Evento pivotal<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Historia \u00b7 Global<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Crisis del 29 y el ascenso de los fascismos<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">El crack burs\u00e1til de Wall Street se convierte en depresi\u00f3n global. El desempleo masivo y la humillaci\u00f3n de Versalles alimentan el ascenso de Hitler en Alemania, Mussolini en Italia y el militarismo japon\u00e9s en Asia. La democracia liberal entra en crisis existencial.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Evento pivotal<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">1929 \u2014 1933<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right empty\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left empty\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">1939 \u2014 1945<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Conflicto \u00b7 Global<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Segunda Guerra Mundial y el Holocausto<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">70 millones de muertos. El genocidio sistem\u00e1tico de 6 millones de jud\u00edos. Las bombas at\u00f3micas sobre Hiroshima y Nagasaki. El mundo sale de la guerra con la convicci\u00f3n de que nunca m\u00e1s: de esa promesa nacer\u00e1n la ONU, la OTAN y la integraci\u00f3n europea.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Evento pivotal<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-era reveal\"><span class=\"tl-era-label\">El orden bipolar \u00b7 1945 \u2014 1991<\/span><\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Diplomacia \u00b7 Global<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Conferencia de Yalta y el nuevo orden mundial<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">Roosevelt, Churchill y Stalin se reparten el mundo en una sala de Crimea. Europa queda dividida en zonas de influencia. La ONU se funda ese mismo a\u00f1o. El orden de Bretton Woods \u2014d\u00f3lar, FMI, Banco Mundial\u2014 establece la arquitectura financiera global que llega hasta hoy.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Evento pivotal<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">Feb 1945<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right empty\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left empty\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">1947 \u2014 1948<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Europa<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Doctrina Truman, Plan Marshall y el Tel\u00f3n de Acero<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">EE.UU. anuncia que contendr\u00e1 al comunismo en cualquier parte del mundo y reconstruye Europa occidental con 13.000 millones de d\u00f3lares. La URSS responde con el bloqueo de Berl\u00edn. La Guerra Fr\u00eda toma su forma definitiva.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Evento pivotal<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Asia<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Guerra de Corea: la guerra olvidada<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">El primer conflicto caliente de la Guerra Fr\u00eda enfrenta a EE.UU. y China en suelo coreano. 3 millones de muertos en tres a\u00f1os. El armisticio de 1953 congela el conflicto sin resolverlo: t\u00e9cnicamente, las dos Coreas siguen en guerra setenta a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-mid\">\u25cf Alta relevancia<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">1950 \u2014 1953<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right empty\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left empty\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">Oct 1962<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Global<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Crisis de los misiles de Cuba<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">13 d\u00edas al borde del apocalipsis nuclear. Kennedy bloquea Cuba. Khrushchev retira los misiles a cambio de que EE.UU. retire los suyos de Turqu\u00eda. La humanidad estuvo m\u00e1s cerca que nunca de la autodestrucci\u00f3n. Se instala el Tel\u00e9fono Rojo Mosc\u00fa-Washington.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Evento pivotal<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Derecho Internacional<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Descolonizaci\u00f3n y la Conferencia de Bandung<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">29 pa\u00edses afroasi\u00e1ticos se re\u00fanen en Indonesia y proclaman el Movimiento de Pa\u00edses No Alineados. Un tercio de la humanidad rechaza tomar partido en la Guerra Fr\u00eda. Nace el concepto de \u00abTercer Mundo\u00bb. La primera voz colectiva del Sur Global.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-mid\">\u25cf Alta relevancia<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">1955 \u2014 1975<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right empty\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left empty\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">1975 \u2014 1979<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Global<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Derrota en Vietnam, revoluci\u00f3n iran\u00ed y la segunda crisis del petr\u00f3leo<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">EE.UU. pierde su primera guerra. Iran expulsa al Shah e instaura la Rep\u00fablica Isl\u00e1mica de Jomeini. La OPEP duplica el precio del petr\u00f3leo. Tres golpes simult\u00e1neos que acaban con el optimismo occidental de posguerra y anuncian una nueva era de incertidumbre.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-mid\">\u25cf Alta relevancia<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Europa<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Gorbachov, la perestroika y el derrumbe sovi\u00e9tico<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">Gorbachov intenta reformar sin destruir. La glasnost libera voces que el sistema no puede contener. En 1989, el Muro cae. En 1991, la URSS se disuelve en 15 estados. El experimento comunista sovi\u00e9tico termina sin guerra. La historia raramente es tan limpia.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Evento pivotal<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">1985 \u2014 1991<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right empty\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-era reveal\"><span class=\"tl-era-label\">El momento unipolar \u00b7 1991 \u2014 2008<\/span><\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left empty\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">1990 \u2014 1991<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Conflicto \u00b7 Oriente Medio<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Primera Guerra del Golfo<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">Saddam Hussein invade Kuwait. EE.UU. construye una coalici\u00f3n de 35 pa\u00edses con mandato de la ONU. En 100 horas de guerra terrestre, Iraq es expulsado. El primer gran despliegue del poder unipolar estadounidense. Bush padre anuncia el \u00abNuevo Orden Mundial\u00bb.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-mid\">\u25cf Alta relevancia<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Econom\u00eda \u00b7 Global<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">La globalizaci\u00f3n y la OMC<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">En 1995 nace la Organizaci\u00f3n Mundial del Comercio. En 2001, China entra en la OMC: el mayor acontecimiento econ\u00f3mico del siglo. El comercio mundial se cuadruplica en una generaci\u00f3n. La globalizaci\u00f3n crea riqueza sin precedentes y desigualdad sin precedentes.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-mid\">\u25cf Alta relevancia<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">1995 \u2014 2001<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right empty\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left empty\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">11 Sep 2001<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Conflicto \u00b7 Global<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">El 11-S y el fin de la \u00abpaz liberal\u00bb<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">2.977 muertos. La mayor operaci\u00f3n terrorista de la historia. EE.UU. invoca el Art\u00edculo 5 de la OTAN por primera y \u00fanica vez. Comienzan veinte a\u00f1os de guerras en Afganist\u00e1n e Irak que costar\u00e1n 6,4 billones de d\u00f3lares y dejar\u00e1n el mundo m\u00e1s inestable que antes.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Evento pivotal<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"tl-era reveal\"><span class=\"tl-era-label\">El mundo en transici\u00f3n \u00b7 2008 \u2014 2026<\/span><\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Econom\u00eda \u00b7 Europa<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Crisis financiera global y el cuestionamiento del modelo occidental<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">La quiebra de Lehman Brothers en septiembre de 2008 desencadena la mayor recesi\u00f3n desde los a\u00f1os 30. Los gobiernos rescatan bancos con dinero p\u00fablico. La desigualdad se dispara. La fe en el libre mercado como modelo universal empieza a agrietarse de forma irreversible.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Evento pivotal<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">2008<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right empty\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left empty\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">2016<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Occidente<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Brexit y Trump: el populismo llega al poder<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">El 51,9% del Reino Unido vota salir de la UE. Meses despu\u00e9s, Trump gana las elecciones en EE.UU. cuestionando la OTAN, el libre comercio y el multilateralismo. El orden liberal internacional, construido desde 1945, enfrenta su mayor desaf\u00edo desde adentro.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Evento pivotal<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Global<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">COVID-19: el orden internacional bajo estr\u00e9s<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">La pandemia expone la fragilidad de las cadenas de suministro globales, la escasez de multilateralismo real y la competencia entre potencias incluso en la distribuci\u00f3n de vacunas. El \u00abvaccine nationalism\u00bb es el s\u00edntoma m\u00e1s elocuente del estado del orden internacional.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-mid\">\u25cf Alta relevancia<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">2020 \u2014 2022<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right empty\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left empty\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">24 Feb 2022<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Conflicto \u00b7 Europa<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">Invasi\u00f3n rusa de Ucrania: el retorno de la geopol\u00edtica cl\u00e1sica<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">La mayor operaci\u00f3n militar en Europa desde 1945. Rusia viola la Carta de la ONU. Europa responde con sanciones sin precedentes. La OTAN se refuerza. Finlandia y Suecia rompen su neutralidad. El orden post-Guerra Fr\u00eda se derrumba definitivamente.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Evento pivotal<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tl-event reveal\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-left\">\n <div class=\"tl-event-card\">\n <p class=\"tl-event-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica \u00b7 Global<\/p>\n <h4 class=\"tl-event-title\">2023-2026: La multipolaridad como nueva realidad<\/h4>\n <p class=\"tl-event-desc\">Los BRICS se ampl\u00edan. China y Arabia Saud\u00ed median entre Ir\u00e1n y los estados del Golfo. EE.UU. pierde influencia en \u00c1frica y Am\u00e9rica Latina. El Sur Global exige un lugar en las instituciones dise\u00f1adas en 1945. El mundo del siglo XXI ya no tiene un solo director de orquesta.<\/p>\n <span class=\"tl-event-importance importance-high\">\u25cf Tendencia en curso<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-center\"><div class=\"tl-event-node\"><\/div><span class=\"tl-event-year-badge\">2023 \u2014 2026<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"tl-event-right empty\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"quote-break\">\n <span class=\"quote-mark\">\u00ab<\/span>\n <p class=\"quote-text\">La historia no se repite, pero rima. Y para escuchar esa rima hay que conocer el poema original.<\/p>\n <p class=\"quote-author\">\u2014 Reflexi\u00f3n editorial \u00b7 \u00d3rbita<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"suggest-section\">\n <div class=\"suggest-inner\">\n <div class=\"suggest-left\">\n <p class=\"section-eyebrow\" style=\"color:var(--accent);font-family:'Syne',sans-serif;font-size:0.68rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:0.2em;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:0.5rem;\">Construyendo el archivo<\/p>\n <h2>\u00bfQu\u00e9 proceso <em>hist\u00f3rico<\/em> te falta?<\/h2>\n <p>Las cronolog\u00edas de \u00d3rbita se construyen desde el rigor y la utilidad. Si hay un conflicto, un proceso diplom\u00e1tico o un per\u00edodo hist\u00f3rico que crees que merece ser documentado, escr\u00edbeme.<\/p>\n <a href=\"mailto:hola@orbitamundial.com\" class=\"btn-accent\">Proponer una cronolog\u00eda \u2192<\/a>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"suggest-ideas\">\n <div class=\"suggest-idea\"><span class=\"suggest-idea-tag\">Geopol\u00edtica<\/span>La rivalidad China-EE.UU.: de Nixon a la guerra arancelaria de 2025<\/div>\n <div class=\"suggest-idea\"><span class=\"suggest-idea-tag\">Conflictos<\/span>Las tres guerras del Golfo: 1980, 1991, 2003<\/div>\n <div class=\"suggest-idea\"><span class=\"suggest-idea-tag\">Europa<\/span>La crisis del euro: de Maastricht a Draghi<\/div>\n <div class=\"suggest-idea\"><span class=\"suggest-idea-tag\">Historia<\/span>El colonialismo belga en el Congo: el crimen invisible<\/div>\n <div class=\"suggest-idea\"><span class=\"suggest-idea-tag\">Diplomacia<\/span>Las cumbres de la ONU: del clima a los derechos humanos<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"newsletter-section\" id=\"newsletter\">\n <div class=\"newsletter-inner\">\n <p class=\"section-eyebrow\" style=\"color:var(--accent);font-family:'Syne',sans-serif;font-size:0.68rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:0.2em;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:0.4rem;\">Para tu bandeja de entrada<\/p>\n <h2>An\u00e1lisis que <em>importan<\/em><\/h2>\n <p>Cada semana, un an\u00e1lisis en profundidad sobre geopol\u00edtica, RRII o historia. 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